1. Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion By the end of this unit, students will be able to: Analyse data to be reported in findings. Formulate results based on data analysis. Support results and findings with evidence from secondary sources. NAR CMLHS 2009

2. Chapter 4 Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Data Interpretation Discussed in two separate categories: ◦ Results: presentation of data/findings and ◦ Discussion: interpretation of data/findings NAR CMLHS 2009

3. In interpreting data consider; ◦ Interpreting findings and research as a whole ◦ Relating to real life context ◦ Writing persuasively and convincingly ◦ Having clear and logical organization ◦ Including limitations of research ◦ Using simple and clear language NAR CMLHS 2009

4. Writing style for data analysis Describesummarizecompare NAR CMLHS 2009

5. Sample illustrations for presenting data collected Sample illustrations for presenting data collected NAR CMLHS 2009

6. NAR CMLHS 2009

7. In writing a report, ensure that the analysis of findings are reported and interpreted accurately. Use; Correct language Specific vocabulary and register NAR CMLHS 2009

8. Example of data analysis and discussion Example of data analysis and discussion The graph illustrates the size of urban population in six cities in the United Kingdom. According to the graph, London has the highest population whereas Liverpool has the lowest population. London embodies 6.8 millions people while Birmingham and Manchester embodies about 2.1 millions people each. 1.7 millions people reside in Leeds, and in Newcastle and Liverpool, there are about 1.5 million people. The graph shows that in London alone the population is similar to the total population of the other five cities. It can be concluded that its strategic location in Europe, standard of living and job opportunities are among the factors that have driven many people around the world to reside in London. NAR CMLHS 2009

9. Note: In the above analysis, the first sentence explains what the graph shows or illustrates. This is followed by a general statement of the trend observed regarding the population. This point is supported by the next few sentences which provide the statistical support. The last part draws a conclusion based on the analysis. NAR CMLHS 2009

10. Some specific register for data analysis Some specific register for data analysis Indicate Show Demonstrate illustrate To introduce the graph According to the graph/table/figure… As shown/illustrated by the chart/graph… To state the general statement Make up Account for Amount to The highest The least of To provide statistical data(when number or percentage is used) NAR CMLHS 2009

11. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation clearconciseprecise NAR CMLHS 2009

12. Conclusion indicates: Conclusion indicates: A summary of findings Logical deductions (reasoning) or opinion E.g. ◦ Based on the findings, the following conclusions can be made: ◦ i. Most UMP students prefer to work in small group discussion. ◦ ii. These students feel that they are able to express their opinions freely in small group discussion. NAR CMLHS 2009

13. Writing style for recommendations Writing style for recommendations E.g. ◦ In order to reduce the number of accidents, it is essential that a more stringent law should be drawn to punish reckless road users. The first part- in order to reduce the number of accidents - states the objective, that is the reason or purpose behind an action. The second part- a more stringent law should be drawn to punish reckless road users - states the recommendation NAR CMLHS 2009

14. End NAR CMLHS 2009