1. Manifest Destiny

2. Elbow Room

3. Early Exploration: The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806
In 1803, President Jefferson secretly asked Congress to commission an exploratory expedition across the western United States.
The Corps of Discovery, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, was the first overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back.
Jefferson's vision was of expanding the "empire of liberty" and populating it with self-sufficient families and farmers.
After Lewis and Clark, a number of other government-sponsored expeditions were initiated to ascertain the wild territories of the West.

4. Lewis and Clark’s Route

5. Manifest Destiny: The Ideology of Expansionism
Americans grappled with the question of what to do with the Mexican and Native American people to be displaced by migration.
The US risked conflict with nations that had claim to land in North America.
Some desired the capacity for expanded trade with Asia, others were compelled to spread "civilization" and Christianity.
Southern Democrats supported the addition of agrarian territories, while Northern Whigs feared the expansion of slavery.
The belief that it was the nation’s God-given right to expand according to its needs was encompassed in the slogan, "Manifest Destiny.”

6. Manifest Destiny

7. President Polk and Westward Expansion
During the presidential campaign of 1844, Democratic nominee James K. Polk called for American expansion westward.
He interpreted his election, though he only won by a narrow margin, as an endorsement of his expansionist position.
In his inaugural address (1845), he spent considerable time defending U.S. expansion as a means of creating and preserving a more powerful Union.

8. Wagon ruts from the Oregon Trail, visible today in Idaho
The Overland Trails
The seven month, 2,000 mile journey from Missouri to the coast was expensive and hazardous.
Though many travelers were anxious about the possibility of conflict with Native Americans, the most deadly hazards to travelers were accidents and disease.
Life on the trail was tedious, with each wagon moving at a pace of about 15 miles per day.
Oregon was the major destination of migrants until 1848, when the discovery of gold in California diverted the stream of settlers southward.
Wagon ruts from the Oregon Trail, visible today in Idaho

9. The U.S. expanded rapidly in the nineteenth century
The Overland Trails
The U.S. expanded rapidly in the nineteenth century

10. A Stop Along the Trail

11. Oregon Country
Beginning in 1818, Britain and the United States jointly occupied Oregon Country.
Oregon's population of British, French, Native American, and Hawaiian trappers and entrepreneurs frequently formed mixed-race families until the 1840's.
When "Oregon fever" swept thousand of white Americans into the Willamette Valley, the new settlers adopted polices that excluded non-white emigrants.
The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established the border between Canada and the U.S. at the forty-ninth parallel, despite President Polk's 1844 campaign slogan, "Fifty-four Forty, or Fight!"
Oregon became a state in 1859.

12. California: The Golden State
The U.S. acquired California from Mexico in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
California attracted people from all over the U.S. and the world with the discovery of gold later that year.
Merchants who came to outfit, house, feed and entertain the exploding population had a better chance of profiting than those who came to pan the streams and rivers.
Most miners were young men. The transitory mining camps were often rife with crime.
California became a state in 1850.

13. Chinese Immigration During the Gold Rush
Thousands of Chinese workers immigrated to California during the gold rush.
Though it was one of the most ethnically diverse regions of the country, the Chinese were subject to discrimination.
They were relegated to doing the most menial labor.
In 1852, they became subject to a tax on foreign miners.
In 1882, Chinese immigration was outlawed with the Chinese Exclusion Act.

14. The California Gold Rush

15. Territorial Expansion, 1830-1860

16. Territorial Expansion, 1830-1860
1850

17. Territorial Expansion, 1830-1860