1. Child Development
Chapter 3

2. 1. What are two main functions that families perform?
Members help meet one another’s basic needs.
Families prepare children to live in society.

3. 2. For each basic need listed below, give one example of how families meet that need for their children.
A. Physical:
provide food, clothing, and shelter
keep children safe and healthy
care for children when they are sick
teach safety rules

4. #2 continued…
B. Emotional:
give and receive love, care, and help

5. #2 continued… C. Social: Teach children how to: share take turns
work to achieve family goals

6. #2 continued… D. Intellectual: teach language and concepts
support and get involved in learning to promote success in school

7. 3. How do families pass on values?
through example
communication
religious training.

8. The Power of the Family 22 mins

9. 4. Give an example of each of the following types of family structures.
A. Nuclear family
Mother, father, child or children
B. Single-parent family
Mother, daughter
C. Blended family
Mother, daughter, stepfather
D. Extended family
Mother, father, son, grandmother

10. The Transformation of the Family (2:31)

11. His mother is the custodial parent
5. After his parents divorced, Ryan lived with his mother. In this case, who was his custodial parent?
His mother is the custodial parent

12. 6. Name and describe three ways that a child may join a family other than as the family’s biological child.
Legal guardian—A person may be designated to assume responsibility for raising the child if the parents are unable.
Adoption—Children may legally and permanently become part of families that they were not born into.
Foster Children—Some children join a family temporarily until their parents solve their problems or until a permanent adoptive home can be found.

14. 7. Describe the following stages of the family life cycle.
Couple Stage
The couple works to establish a home and their marriage relationship.

15. Family Life Cycle continued…
Expanding Stage (parental stage 1)
The couple prepares for and adjusts to parenthood.

16. Family Life Cycle continued…
Developing Stage (parental stage 2)
As children grow, parents work to meet their changing needs and help them develop independence.

17. Family Life Cycle continued…
Launching Stage (parental stage 3)
Children leave home. Parents help them adapt.
Parents more likely to divorce at this time. Parents who stayed together just for the children feel free to move on.
Boomerang generation: Children return home due to high unemployment, housing cost, low wages, divorce and personal problems.
Parents may become grandparents at this time.
Parents may have to care for their own parents.

18. Family Life Cycle continued…
Middle Stage
“Empty nest” stage.
Children have left home.
The couple renews their relationship and prepares for retirement.

19. Family Life Cycle continued…
Retirement Stage: The couple stops full-time work and adjusts to more free time.

20. 8. Trends Affecting Families
Jack and Amber Henderson just moved from the West Coast to the East. All other family members still live in the West, except Jack’s mother, who has come to live with them. The family moved because Jack’s company transferred him. The transfer came with a promotion and raise. Amber is pregnant with their third child. She works at home, communicating with her customers by and fax.

21. 8. Trends explained…
Mobility—Moving so far from their extended family may make it hard to keep in touch.
Aging population -The presence of Jack’s mother in the home provides a valuable opportunity for intergenerational interaction, but it could create stress if she needs care herself.
Economic changes - Jack has received a promotion and a raise, but both parents still work.
Workplace changes - Jack was transferred. Amber works out of their home.
Technology - Amber uses a computer to enable her to work from home.

22. 9. Identify sources of support available to families under stress.
Talking to friends, relatives, or coworkers.
Consulting a family doctor, counselors, social worker, or religious advisor.
Talking to caregivers or teachers
Joining a support group.
Seeking help from local family service agencies.

23. 10. How does spending time together help to build strong families?
Activities together can become family traditions.
Families that have many traditions tend to form strong ties with each other.

24. 11. Name values a family may share.
Honesty
Respect
Responsibility
Hard work
Faith

25. 12. Identify three ways a families can handle conflict.
Stay calm
Be an active listener
Use positive body language

27. Section 3-2
Parenting Skills

28. Parenting Quiz

29. 1. Your son hits another child at soccer practice. You would...
get mad and tell the other boy to hit him back
ignore them and just let them fight or play
tell him that it is not right to hit people, make him apologize, and take away a privilege if this is a repeat offense

30. 2. Your son and his friends have made a big mess in your playroom and now want to go play outside. You would...
yell at them and make them clean up
let them go out and clean up yourself
help them clean up by making a game out of who can pick up the most toys

31. get angry and tell her she can't rent any movies
3. If your pre-teen daughter wants to rent an R rated movie that her friends have all watched, you would...
get angry and tell her she can't rent any movies
let her watch it
say no and help her find a more age appropriate movie

32. get mad and make her go to bed hungry
4.Your daughter is putting off going to bed because she says that she wants something to eat, and you...
get mad and make her go to bed hungry
let her eat whatever she wants
let her have a nutritious snack, but tell her that she will have to start eating more at dinner so that she isn't hungry at bedtime

33. 5. When your kids don't do their chores you...
get mad, yell and make them do them right away
do them yourself
give them a helpful reminder that they need to be responsible and do their chores

34. 6. When your kids whine and have tantrums you...
get mad and send them to their rooms
give in to stop the whining
don't give in and afterwards explain better ways that they can express their frustrations

35. 7. If your kids get in trouble, you...
get mad and yell or spank them
don't do much of anything
discipline them and later explain better choices they could have made so they don't get in trouble again

36. 8. Your son wants a new toy at the grocery store, so you...
get mad and tell him he can't have any new toys
buy it so that he doesn't have a tantrum
tell him no, but explain that you will bring him back to buy it when he saves enough of his allowance

37. 9. If your preschool age daughter has a nightmare and wakes you up, you would...
get mad at her for waking you up and tell her to go back to bed
let her go back to sleep wherever she wants
comfort her and help her go back to sleep once she calms down

38. 10. The main goal of parenting and discipline is to...
get your kids to listen to you no matter what
make sure everyone is happy and doing whatever they want
teach your children why your rules are important and help them learn to make good choices on their own

39. Scores
Add up and record how many A’s you had, how many B’s you had, and how many C’s you had.
Example
A’s = 2
B’s =1
C’s = 7
Your total for all three should add up to 10.

40. Reading your results…
If you had more A’s than B’s or Cs, you lean toward being a more authoritarian parent.
An authoritarian parent attempts to control a child's behavior and attitudes, stressing the importance of obedience to authority and discouraging discussion. Parents who use this method tend to rely upon punishment, which is often spanking or other physical measures.

41. Reading your results…
If you had more B’s than A’s or C’s, you lean towards being a permissive parent.
A permissive parent 'exercises minimal control. Children of permissive parents are allowed to set their own schedules and activities. Permissive parents generally do not demand the same levels of behavior as authoritarian and authoritative parents'.

42. Reading your results…
If you had more C’s than A’s or B’s, then you lean toward being an authoritative (assertive-democratic) parent.
An authoritative parent 'operates on the belief that both the child and the parent have certain rights and that the needs of both are important.
The parent is sure that she is in control and doesn't need to assert physical force to keep the child on the right track.
Rather, an authoritative parent is more likely to control her child by setting rules and explaining why these rules are important and why they must be followed'.

43. How many permissive? How many authoritarian? How many authoritative?
Survey courtesy of

44. Children’s Needs Physical needs Emotional and social Intellectual
Food, clothing, health care, safety
Emotional and social
Make sure children feel safe, loved, cared for
Intellectual
provide mental stimulation and opportunities to learn

45. Effects of Deprivation
Definition: Critical needs are not met and an encouraging environment is not provided.
They tend to lag behind other children in overall development.

46. Diana Baumrind, Developmental Psychologist/Child Theorist
Parenting Styles
A. assertive-democratic (a.k.a. authoritative)
Children have more input into rules
Children are given a certain amount of independence and freedom of choice within rules
Believe children learn best from accepting results of actions or problem solving with child to find acceptable punishment
B. authoritarian
Children should obey without question
When rules are broken, parents respond quickly and firmly
C. permissive
Children given a wide range of freedom
Children may set their own rules
Rule breaking is typically ignored
Diana Baumrind, Developmental Psychologist/Child Theorist

47. Uninvolved Parenting few demands low responsiveness
little communication
Parents fulfill child's basic needs but are generally detached from child's life.
Sometimes, parents may even reject/neglect needs of children.

48. The Impact of Parenting Styles
Authoritarian-parented children=obedient and proficient, but lower in happiness/social competence/self-esteem. Assertive-democratic (authoritative)-parented children=happy/capable/successful. Permissive-parented children = low in happiness and self-regulation and more likely to experience problems with authority and perform poorly in school. Uninvolved parented children = rank lowest across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers.

49. Authoritative Advantage
When children perceive their parents' requests as fair and reasonable, they are more likely to comply with the requests.
Children are more likely to internalize (or accept as their own) the reasons for behaving in a certain way and achieve greater self-control.
Hockenberry and Hockenberry, Psychology

50. 16. Effective Guidance effects
Children learn self-discipline, the ability to control their own behavior
They learn how to get along with others and handle feelings in acceptable ways
Develop a sense of security and self-esteem
Develop a conscience, an inner sense of right and wrong

51. 17. Encouraging good behavior…
Be a role model
Set limits
Use positive reinforcement

53. Limits teach children to…
Understand expectations and acceptable behavior
Develop self control

54. 19. Questions for setting limits…
Allow to learn, explore and grow?
Fair and appropriate for the child’s age?
Benefit child or only for adult’s convenience?

55. 20. Before responding to misbehavior…
Is it appropriate, given the child’s age and development?
Does child understand the behavior was wrong?
Did child do the behavior knowingly and deliberately, or was it beyond the child’s control?

56. 21. Message to convey
They disapprove of the behavior but love the child.

57. 22. Negative Reinforcement
A. Loss of privileges
B. Natural consequences
C. Time out
D. Logical consequences

58. 23. Name a poor disciplinary method and explain why it is not effective.
Bribing – child may misbehave on purpose to get a treat.
Shouting or yelling – can frighten young children, older may tune it out, adults aren’t modeling acceptable behavior
Shaming or belittling – parents shouldn’t ridicule children’s mistakes

59. 24. Why is consistency important when guiding children’s behavior?
Helps children know what is expected. Without it, they may stop paying attention to rules.