1. Dark Romanticism Edgar Allan Poe

2. Dark Romanticism Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville

3. Dark Romanticism  a literary subgenre of Romanticism  does not embrace most Romantic or Transcendental themes  not optimistic about humankind, nature, and divinity

4. RomanticismTranscendentalism/ White Romantics Dark Romantics/Anti- Transcendentalists Interest in and reverence for nature Nature is divine, connection between nature and humanity, Over-Soul Nature is sinister, bad things happen when isolated from society Concern with mystery/supernatural/ unknown self-reliance, intuitionNatural world is dark, decaying, and mysterious, gothic elements Interest in picturesque pastSome interest in past Idealization of common man uncorrupted by civilization No evil in the world People are inherently good Social reforms improve society Saw evil, must know how to deal with it People are inherently evil Individuals fail in attempts to make changes for the better Celebration of natural beauty and the simple life Society does not allow this to happen Simplicity, simplicity Society is good

5. Gothic Ingredients  buildings: old castles, monasteries, gloomy mansions, haunted houses  heroine: weak or strong, alone in the world, caught in a web of horror and mystery  hero: often a hero and a villain

6. Gothic Ingredients  secrets: plot usually hinges on an unrevealed secret (family mystery, mysterious objects, unexplained disappearances)  revenge  dark forces: supernatural (graveyard, witches, storms, earthquakes), unnatural and evil powers, curses, succubus, incubus, body-snatching, vampires, werewolves

7. Edgar Allan Poe 1809-1849

8. Evil According to Poe The inability to balance imagination with reason.