1. Looking Westward pp. 348-259

2. Manifest Destiny Writer John O’Sullivan coined the phrase in 1845 Destined by God & history to expand from coast to coast Fit w/ nationalism movement Racial motives for expansion “Racial purity” & superiority of the “American race” Expansion opposed by some, including Clay Would re-open debate of spreading slavery westward

4. Texas 1803—Claimed by U.S. in LA Purchase 1819—Given to Spain as part of Adams-Onis Treaty 1821—Becomes part of Mexico as Mexico gains its independence, American settlement is encouraged 1835—30K Americans living in Texas 1836—Americans in Texas declare their independence from Mexico/Texas gains independence 1845—After much debate, the U.S. annexes Texas; Mexico breaks diplomatic ties w/ U.S. JQA & AJ had both tried to purchase TX previously

5. Oregon Territory Claimed by both Brits (George Vancouver) & the U.S. (Robert Gray) 1818—Agreed to joint occupation 1820s/1830s—Few white settlers, mostly fur traders 1836—Marcus & Narcissa Whitman est. mission 1843—Oregon Trail popularized; 5K settlers w/in next 2 yrs. 1846—Despite “54 ° 40° or Fight,” Polk settles border at 49° N (same as today) 1847—Cayuse Indians attack & kill Whitmans

6. Election of 1844 Polk ran on a pro- expansion platform Clay avoided the issue of annexing Texas

7. Trails Oregon Trail California Trail Mormon Trail Santa Fe Trail *See map on p. 353

8. Life on the Trail “Jumping off towns” Independence, MO; St. Joseph, MO & Council Bluffs, IA Mostly family units until Gold Rush; hired guides 2,000 miles; 4-6 months Various hardships: Weather, disease (cholera & typhoid fever), rugged terrain Native Americans often acted as guides & trade partners; occasional conflict, but often sensationalized *More deaths from accidental gunshots than Native attacks

10. Mexican War Mexico refused to recognize Texas’ independence Border dispute (Rio Grande or Neuces?); see map on p. 356 Polk sends Zachary Taylor to TX & tells navy to capture CA ports if Mexico declares war Polk then offered to buy disputed areas (Slidel, $25 million for NM & CA) War declared in May of 1846; overwhelmingly supported by Congress War had many critics Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln, Henry David Thoreau See quotes on p. 357

11. Mexican War Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe w/ no opposition (1846) Kearny & Fremont captured California (1846) Bear Flag Revolt Winfield Scott captures Mexico City (1847) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Mexican Cession (see map on p. 358) U.S. paid $15 million Some wanted “All Mexico!”

12. Wilmot Proviso What is the status of slavery in the newly acquired territory? David Wilmot, from PA, anti-slavery Democrat Proviso prohibited slavery in new territory Passed House, but not Senate Debate lingered; sectionalism intensified