1. Defination Origin : The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived. Insertion : the act of putting one thing into another action : something done

2. Ulnaris lateralis Insertion : also into top of the outer surface of the single metacarpal bone. Structure : Wider than in the horse, and less tapered at its ends. The lower portion of the muscle belly fuses with the belly of the flexor carpi ulnaris on the back of the forearm. They insert together as a single tendon into the accesory carpal bone. Action : Flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint. Although technically a part of the extensor group of the forearm, this muscle is funtionally a flexor of the wrist joint because its main tendon inserts behind the wrist joint. It is therefore called ulnaris lateralis rather than the extensor carpi ulnaris (in dog and feline).

3. Abductor digiti I (pollicis) longus (extensor carpi obliquus) Origin : lower half of the outer surface of the radius and an adjacent area on the ulna. Insertion : inner side of the upper end of the metacarpal bone. Action : extends the carpal joint. Structure : the flat, triangular muscle belly begins on the outside the forearm, then curves down, around, and to the inside of the wrist, ending as a tendon. It emerges from under the extensor digitorum communis and then passes over the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis. It may produce a very subtle effect on the surface.

4. Pronator teres In the goat, it is weak, fibrous band, occasionally containing a few muscular fibers. It does not create surface form. In dog and feline Origin : inner surface of the lower end of the humerus. It is the forward most attachment of all the flexor muscles. Insertion : inner front edge of the radius, approximately a third to halfway down the bone.

5. Flexor carpi radialis (flexor metacarpi internus) Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus. Insertion : upper inner corner of the metacarpal bone. Action : flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint. Structure : long, slightly flattened muscle belly becomes tendinous three fourths of the way down the forearm. The entire front edge lies up against the exposed radius.

6. Flexor digitorium superficialis ( flexor digitorum, flexor perforatus) Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus. Action : flexes the wrist joint and the upper two toe joints; extends the elbow joint. Insertion : upper rear surface of the middle toe bone of both toes. Structure : a small portion of the fleshy belly is visible on the surface, on the inner side of the limb, above the wrist. The long tendon splits on the back of the metacarpal bone for each toe. Just before it inserts, the tendon is perforated with a single hole to allow passage of the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus.

7. Flexor digitorum profundus ( flexor perforans) Origin : also from the rear and outer surface of the olecranon of the ulna. Insertion : rear structure of the last toe bone of both toes. Structure : the lower end of the tendon separates into two tendons, one for each digit. The muscle belly comes to the surface for a short distance just below the elbow. Action : flexes the wrist joint and all the toe joints; extends the elbow joint.

8. Flexor carpi ulnaris (flexor metacarpi medius) Origin : lower end of the inside surface of the humerus ; inner surface, towards the rear, of the upper end of the ulna. Insertion : upper edge end of the ulna Action: flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint. Structure : more flattened and wider than in the horse.