1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Russia Today

3. Siberia  “Permafrost” Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C  Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C  150,000,000 population.  A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

4. Themes in Russian History  Expansion by conquest.  Need for warm-water ports.  The necessity of a strong, central government.

5. Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

7. Novgorod

8. Russian Boyars

9. Alexander Nevsky: 1220-1263 Protected Novgorod and Moscow from Mongols – Moscow becomes center Teutonic Knight

10. The Mongols Invade Russia

11. Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

12. IVAN “THE TERRIBLE” IV Ivan became TSAR / CZAR in 1547 Expanded Russia to the east – Sweden stopped them from going WEST Became quite paranoid after his wife died – went after the BOYARS

13. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

14. The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative  Most Tsars  Russian Orthodox Church  Military  Boyars  peasants  A few Tsars  Intellectual elites  Merchants/businessmen  Young members of the middle class. REFORM-MINDED LEADER DEMAGOGUE

15. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

16. PETER THE GREAT -WANTED A WARM WATER PORT (GREAT NORTHERN WAR – forced people into St. Petersburg) MODERNIZED ARMY & NAVY WESTERNIZING RUSSIA (industry, trade, less Boyar influence, fashion)

17. Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War