2. Unit 16 Japan’s manufacturing belt

3. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt The Manufacturing Belt Stretching for about 1 000 km from Tokyo along the southern coast of Honshu through the Inland Sea to Nagasaki in Kyushu.

4. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt The Manufacturing Belt 70% of Japan’s manufacturing by value and 58% of manufacturing employment are found. The Manufacturing Belt 70% of Japan’s manufacturing by value and 58% of manufacturing employment are found.

5. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt The Manufacturing Belt 1. Keihin on the Kanto Plain around Tokyo Bay 2. Chukyo on the Nobi Plain around Ise Bay 5. Kitakyushu in northern Kyushu 4. Setouchi around the Inland Sea 3. Hanshin on the Osaka Plain around Osaka Bay

6. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt Keihin on the Kanto Plain around Tokyo Bay It is also called Tokyo-Yokohama Region. The heart of the zone is the Kawasaki and Yokohama harbour area, a large industrial belt along the northwestern shore of Tokyo Bay. Factories have been built for the manufacture of such goods as automobiles, machinery, electrical equipment, textiles, and processed foods.

7. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt Chukyo on the Nobi Plain around Ise Bay The industrial centre is in Nagoya. Airline, railway, shipping, and highway connections are extensive. Chukyo occupies an important place in Japan's industrial scene because of its high standing in the production of textiles, ceramics, and motor vehicles.

8. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt Hanshin on the Osaka Plain around Osaka Bay Bordered by Osaka Bay to the southwest and bisected by the Yodo River, the area consists of a floodplain interspersed with hills. Produce iron and steel, machinery, transport equipment, and electrical appliances.

9. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt Setouchi around the Inland Sea Most industrial activity occurs in cities located on the Inland Sea coast. Railway, highway, and shipping connections in the area are extensive. Chemical plants and heavy industries, including iron, steel, transport machinery, and petrochemicals were developed.

10. Where are the heavy industries in Japan? Japan’s manufacturing belt Kitakyushu in northern Kyushu Kita-Kyushu is one of Japan's leading manufacturing centres and is the one in which heavy industry is most prominent. It specializes in iron and steel, metal, heavy chemicals, cement, and glass.

11. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Japan is a mountainous country with limited lowland. Three major plains are: the Kanto Plain, the Nobi Plain and the Osaka Plain. Kanto Plain is the most extensive lowland in Japan and constitutes the most productive and populous area of the country. Kanto Plain Inland Sea Nobi Plain Osaka Plain Lowland areas Hokkaido Honshu Shikoku Kyushu ReliefRelief

12. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Reclamation can be carried out in the bays to provide new lands for further development. ReliefRelief

13. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt LabourLabour Below 100 101- 200 Over 200 Persons / km² Kanto Plain Nobi Plain Osaka Plain Hokkaido Honshu Shikoku Kyushu Over 80% of Japan’s population live in urban cities most of which are found in southern Honshu.

14. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt MarketMarket A large population with a high living standard can mean a big local market for manufactured goods. Over 5 million people 3-5 million people 1-3 million people Hokkaido Honshu Shikoku Kyushu 0.25-1 million people Tokyo Osaka

15. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Household Income and Expenditure of Japan (1984-2000)

16. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt TransportTransport Land transport is very convenient in southern Honshu. Road and railway are well developed. Commuter train

17. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Sea Transport Shinkansen Big cities, also ports and industrial centres Nagata Takasaki Tokyo Nagoya Osaka Kobe Fukuyama Kitakyushu Fukuoka Nagasaki Shimonoseki km Coastal shipping Export of products Import of raw materials Ferry pier

18. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Air Transport All Nippon Airways

19. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Historical factor The southern Honshu coastal areas and the areas around the Inland Sea have always been the most prosperous parts of Japan. The region has been better developed socially and economically than other places in the country. Kyoto

20. Why do heavy industries concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt Benefits from concentration The savings resulting from having a great variety of industries located together in one region are known as agglomeration economies. 1. Bulk purchasing of materials in large quantities means savings as the cost is cheaper. 2. It attracts a large labour force of many varied skills. 3. The supply of raw materials may be much easier. 4. Educational institutions may exist to provide valuable services to the industries.

21. Japan’s manufacturing belt Benefits from concentration Demand and improvement of services and facilities Starting point Certain geographical advantages e.g. coal deposit More attractive to migrants and new industries Establishment of some industries More population More factories How industries founded in a region?

22. Should manufacturing activities concentrate in the ‘Manufacturing Belt’? Japan’s manufacturing belt The need for dispersion 1. Competition has raised the price of materials, land and labour 2. Congestion 3. Urban problems Dispersion direction How to solve? Dispersion of industries away from the ‘Manufacturing Belt’

23. Terms to learn Agglomeration economies ( 集聚經濟效益 ) -- the savings of industrial enterprises resulting from being located within an industrial region Konbinato ( 工業集聚 ) -- a Japanese term for the concentration of manufacturing industries Bulk purchase ( 整批購買 ) -- buying something in large quantities Japan’s manufacturing belt