1. Psychology & Performance Enhancing Substances

2. Psychology

3. The Ideal Performance State  Absence of fear—no fear of failure  No thinking about or analysis of performance  Narrow focus of attention concentrated on the activity itself  Sense of effortlessness—an involuntary experience  Sense of personal control  Distortion of time and space

4. Relationship Between Confidence and Athletic Performance

5. Why Goal Setting Affects Performance  Goals direct athlete’s attention by prioritizing efforts.  Goals increase effort because of the contingency of success on goal attainment.  Goals increase positive reinforcement through feedback given to athletes.

6. Performance Enhancing Substances

7. Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances  Naturally occurring hormones and the drugs that mimic their effects  Dietary supplements

8. Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements  A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet. The product contains one or more of the following: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; dietary substance for use by humans; or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of these ingredients.  The product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a food.

9. Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Orally Active Steroids Generic name or categoryExample trade names MethandrostenoloneDianabol OxandroloneAnavar StanozololWinstrol OxymetholoneAnadrol FluoxymesteroneHalotestin MethyltestosteroneOreton-M MesteroloneProviron

10. Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Injectable Steroids Generic name or categoryExample trade names Testosterone estersDelatestryl, Sustanon Nandrolone estersDeca-Durabolin StanozololStrombaject Methenolone enanthatePrimobolan-Depot Boldenone undecylenateParenabol Trenbolone acetateParabolan

11. Body Composition Changes With Anabolic Steroids

12. Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use  Primary risk for women is masculinization.  Primary risks for young boys are accelerated puberty; early closure of the ends of the long bones.  Both males and females who use high doses of anabolic steroids are at risk for psychological changes that include increased aggressiveness.

13. Potential Risks to Performance  Uncontrolled emotional responses directed at a teammate  Unanticipated decline in performance when steroid use is stopped  Undesirable increase in body weight in aerobic endurance athletes

14. Anabolic Steroids: Bottom Lines  Anabolic steroid use will likely increase body weight.  Other performance benefits have not been well tested or demonstrated.  Suspected psychological effects are difficult to test.  Health risks in men are comparable to known risks to women from use of oral steroidal contraceptives.  More serious health risks accompany the use of very high doses of anabolic steroids.

15. Other Hormones Used by Athletes As Ergogenic Aids  Human chorionic gonadotropin increases testicular testosterone production.  Growth hormone stimulates physical growth of the body.  Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.  Beta-adrenergic agonists affect the metabolic and nervous systems.

16. Problems in Drug Testing  Some ergogenic substances, such as caffeine, occur naturally in the body.  Some substances, such as recombinant human growth hormone, are difficult to test for because they are indistinguishable from naturally occurring hormones.  Masking agents may dilute the urine specimen and make it difficult to obtain a positive test.

17. Dietary Supplements  Vitamins  Steroid replacers  Growth hormone releasers  L-carnitine  Creatine  Caffeine

18. Supplements & Your Role Have a working Knowledge Have a working Knowledge Be prepared to answer questions from parents and athletes. Be prepared to answer questions from parents and athletes. Support your arguments & do so in a non- aggressive manner (educate don’t dictate). Support your arguments & do so in a non- aggressive manner (educate don’t dictate).

19. Categories Steroids Steroids Anabolic Anabolic Andro? Andro? Volumizers Volumizers Creatine Creatine Dietary Dietary Protein Protein Vitamins Vitamins More is not better More is not better