1. Northern Ireland: A Troubled Island

2. I. Background 12 th Cent.: England (Protestant) conquered Ireland (Catholic) 12 th Cent.: England (Protestant) conquered Ireland (Catholic) 17 th Cent.: British Protestant pop. increased w/Scottish & English settlers 17 th Cent.: British Protestant pop. increased w/Scottish & English settlers Irish Catholic farmers were forced from their land Irish Catholic farmers were forced from their land Given less fertile land Given less fertile land NORTHERN IRELAND = BRITISH MAJORITY (PROTESTANT) NORTHERN IRELAND = BRITISH MAJORITY (PROTESTANT)

3. 1800: Ireland = United Kingdom 1800: Ireland = United Kingdom Conflict continued Conflict continued 1921: Ireland was divided based on population 1921: Ireland was divided based on population North = British Protestant North = British Protestant South = Irish Catholic South = Irish Catholic 1949: Complete liberation (Republic of Ireland) 1949: Complete liberation (Republic of Ireland)

4. II. Divided Loyalties of Today What issues were Irish Catholics fighting for? What issues were Irish Catholics fighting for? Education equality: Education equality: Employment equality: Employment equality: Housing equality: Housing equality: Voting opportunities: Voting opportunities: Why do British Protestants refuse to join the Republic of Ireland? Why do British Protestants refuse to join the Republic of Ireland?

5. III. Peace Turns Violent Mid 1960s: Civil Rights Movement (Irish Catholics) Mid 1960s: Civil Rights Movement (Irish Catholics) Began a period known as The Troubles Began a period known as The Troubles 1972: “Bloody Sunday” –turning point 1972: “Bloody Sunday” –turning point Bloody Sunday Video Bloody Sunday Video Bloody Sunday Video Bloody Sunday Video Sinn Fein (Irish Catholic Political Party) Sinn Fein (Irish Catholic Political Party) Irish Republican Army (IRA) Irish Republican Army (IRA) Goal: to end Brit. rule in N. Ireland & reunify Ireland Goal: to end Brit. rule in N. Ireland & reunify Ireland

6. Bloody Sunday: It began when a group of protestors were marching around the town. The numbers of the group kept escalating and at one point it was up to around 3,000 people. Troops were brought in to disperse the crowd, and at that point, people began throwing stones at the troops. Roadblocks were set up to restrain the marchers in certain sections of the town. The crowd became more and more lively and the troops began to make arrests. As the arrests were taking place, the army came under fire and they fired back. The results of this day led to the death of 14 at the hands of the First Battalion. The IRA responded with the orders to "kill as many soldiers as possible in retaliation" It began when a group of protestors were marching around the town. The numbers of the group kept escalating and at one point it was up to around 3,000 people. Troops were brought in to disperse the crowd, and at that point, people began throwing stones at the troops. Roadblocks were set up to restrain the marchers in certain sections of the town. The crowd became more and more lively and the troops began to make arrests. As the arrests were taking place, the army came under fire and they fired back. The results of this day led to the death of 14 at the hands of the First Battalion. The IRA responded with the orders to "kill as many soldiers as possible in retaliation"

7. Bloody Friday Belfast: I.R.A. detonated 22 bombs Belfast: I.R.A. detonated 22 bombs 9 killed, 130 injured 9 killed, 130 injured

8. Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein President) Tony Blair (1997-2007 = U.K. Prime Minister) --helped negotiate Good Friday Peace Agreement

9. IV. Violence Turns to Peace

10. 1990s… 1994: IRA & militant Prots. declared ceasefires 1994: IRA & militant Prots. declared ceasefires 1998: Good Friday Peace Agreement 1998: Good Friday Peace Agreement Voters in N. Ireland elected an assembly which moderate Prots. & Caths. shared power (N. Ireland Assembly) Voters in N. Ireland elected an assembly which moderate Prots. & Caths. shared power (N. Ireland Assembly) BUT…snags remained BUT…snags remained Prots. wanted full disarmament of IRA Prots. wanted full disarmament of IRA Caths. wanted a police force that was not mainly Prot. Caths. wanted a police force that was not mainly Prot.

11. Modern day… 2003: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) (Brit. Prots.) 2003: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) (Brit. Prots.) 2006: IRA disarmed & renounced terrorism 2006: IRA disarmed & renounced terrorism 2007: Ian Paisley (DUP) & Martin McGuiness (Sinn Fein) shared power (Northern Ireland Assembly) 2007: Ian Paisley (DUP) & Martin McGuiness (Sinn Fein) shared power (Northern Ireland Assembly) 2008: Peter Robinson = current First Minister 2008: Peter Robinson = current First Minister 2008: 20% of N. Ireland Police Service = Irish Caths. 2008: 20% of N. Ireland Police Service = Irish Caths.