1. Effects of Trade The 500 years between Mauryan and Gupta empires was a time of upheaval. Immigrants bringing new ideas and customs brought about change for Indian culture.

2. Buddhism and Hinduism Change Hinduism Buddhism is a complex polytheistic religion that blended Aryan beliefs with many gods and cults of the diverse peoples who preceded them. teaches that desire causes suffering and that humans should overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path. Peace can be achieved through nirvana (spirituality). Over the centuries, both religions had become increasingly removed from the people. Hinduism became dominated by priests, while Buddhist ideal of self-denial proved difficult for many to follow.*

3. Popular Form of Buddhism After Buddha died his followers went different ways with his teachings.* Some people began to worship Buddha as a god (he told them not to) and others believed that they could become Buddhas and called themselves bodhisattvas. New ideas changed Buddhism from a religion that emphasized individual discipline to a mass religion that offered salvation to all.*

4. Buddhism Continued By the first century Buddhists had divided over new doctrines. Those who accepted them belonged to the Mahayana sect.* Those that believed in the older and stricter teachings belonged to the Theradava sect.* These new trends inspired Indian art. Artists carved huge statues of Buddha for people to worship. Wealthy Buddhists who were eager to do good deeds paid for the construction of stupas—mounded stone structures built over holy relics.*

5. Hindu Rebirth Hinduism also changed. It developed a complex set of sacrifices that could be performed only be priests. Impact? The religion took a road towards monotheism; many believed there was only one divine force in the universe that was made up of various gods.* The three most important are Brahma-creator of the world; Vishnu- preserver of the world; Shiva- destroyer of the world.* Many Indians devoted themselves to Vishnu and Shiva.

6. Changes in Indian Culture India entered a highly productive period of literature, art, science, and mathematics that continued until roughly A.D. 500.* Literature bloomed with dramatic plays and romantic poems.* One of India’s greatest writers was Kalidasa. He wrote the famous play Shakuntala about a girl that marries a prince, is separated from him, and he does not recognize her anymore. In the south, Tamil poems were being written by scholars. Drama became popular during this time; actors traveled on the road and put on plays.

7. The Sciences Expanded trade spurred advances in science.* Sailors on trading ships used the starts to figure their positions at sea and increased astronomy knowledge.* Greek invaders brought with them time keeping methods from the west and western calendars.* 1,000 years before Columbus the Indians proved the earth was round by observing a lunar eclipse. Modern numerals, the zero, and the decimal system were invented in India along with the 365.3586805 days year. Hindu physicians performed surgery—including plastic surgery—and possibly gave injections.

8. Trade Central Asian nomads told Indians of the Silk Roads, or caravan routes used to bring silk from China to western Asia and then on to Rome.* Indians learned of the Silk Roads and acted as middlemen on them. How?* How might Asian trade routes spread Indian sciences and math? Sea-trade increased between southeast Asia and Rome; African ivory and gold was traded for cotton cloth; rice and wheat went to Arabia for horses; China imported cloth, monkeys, and parrots.* (know regions that were traded with)

9. Effects of Trade Increase trade led to increased banking.* Interest rates on overseas trade loans was 240%...why? Merchants living abroad brought Indian culture to other areas. Indian culture affected styles in art, architecture, and dance abroad.* Religion began to spread as well and would eventually reach China.*

10. Right Now… Work with a partner and answer the following: 1) What do you think was the most significant effect of the changes in Buddhism and Hinduism during this period? Explain. 2) Which do you think was more important to India’s economy, overland trade or sea trade? Provide details to explain your answer.

11. Homework Page 197 questions 3, 4, 5. DBQ

12. Example Question Now as to the battles which the Romans fought with Hannibal and the defeats which they sustained in them, I need say no more. It was not owing to their arms or their tactics, but to the skill and genius of Hannibal that they met with those defeats: and that I made quite clear in my account of the battles themselves. - excerpt from “Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Roman Maniple vs. The Macedonian Phalanx” According to Polybius, to what do the Romans owe their defeats to? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________.[2]

13. Essay What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman military? Use the documents to answer the question and write until you have answered the question and supported your points (five to six paragraphs). Include an introduction and conclusion that restates the historical context IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Do not simply summarize each document. You must make the essay flow. Add in any outside information you may know. The more you add, the better your grade. Cite the documents properly using either (DOC #1), (D.1), or (Document 1). All essays must be typed, double spaced.