1. Master Gardener Training - Weed Identification and Management Jeffrey Derr Professor of Weed Science Virginia Tech

2. Additional information - Weed identification Books Weeds of the Northeast – Cornell Press Weeds of Southern Turfgrass, Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Weeds of the South - University of Georgia Press Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds – John Wiley & Sons

3. Additional Information – Weed ID Websites www.ppws.vt.edu/ipm/weeds_container_nurseries.html www.turfweeds.net www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm Virginia Tech Weed ID websites

4. Additional information Pest Management Guides Home Grounds and Animals http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-018/456- 018.html Herbicide labels

5. Weed life cycle Annuals Summer - grass, broadleaf, sedge, other monocots Winter – grass, broadleaf Biennials – broadleaf Perennials – grass, sedge, other monocots, broadleaves

6. Summer annual grasses Large crabgrass Giant foxtail Fall panicum

7. Microstegium (Japanese stiltgrass)

8. Winter annual grasses Italian (Annual) ryegrassAnnual bluegrass

9. Annual broadleaves Summer common lambsquarters, smooth pigweed, common ragweed, iyleaf morningglory Winter vetch, horseweed, fleabane, common chickweed, henbit

10. Summer annual broadleaves Common ragweed tall morningglory Common lambsquarters Smooth pigweed

11. Winter annual broadleaves Vetch Common chickweedHorseweed Henbit

12. Biennials Musk thistle Wild carrot

13. Perennial Monocots Perennial grasses clump - tall fescue, orchardgrass creeping - quackgrass, bermudagrass, johnsongrass Perennial sedges – yellow nutsedge Other perennial monocots – wild garlic

14. Bermudagrass Perennial grasses Quackgrass Johnsongrass

15. Yellow and Purple Nutsedge Perennial sedges (rhizomes, tubers)

16. False Green Kyllinga – perennial sedge

17. Other monocots Wild garlic (perennial)

18. Perennial broadleaves Simple – dandelion, buckhorn plantain Creeping - bindweed, brambles, poison ivy, horsenettle, hemp dogbane

19. Dandelion Buckhorn plantain Simple perennial broadleaves

20. Creeping perennial broadleaves Poison ivy Horsenettle Hedge bindweed

21. Perennial broadleaf weeds Hemp dogbane Black locust

22. Turf Weed Control Biological – none available Cultural Chemical

23. Integrated Pest Management Determine management level – high, medium, low Scouting – identify weed problems late spring for winter annuals late summer for summer annuals, perennials Determine weed infestation level/need for renovation Evaluate control options – nonchemical vs chemical Chemical treatments – broadcast, spot-treatment

24. Cultural Control of Weeds in Turf Use the best adapted turf species for the site Proper mowing heights : 3-4 inches for tall fescue Maintain appropriate pH, nutrient levels, irrigation Correct compaction, shade, and drainage problems Control insects and diseases Reduce stress – drought, excess salts, etc.

25. Biorational Products for Turf Corn gluten By-product of corn milling 60% protein Preemergence herbicide Annual weed control, esp crabgrass No postemergence effects ~ 10% nitrogen Herbicidal components Various products Safe Lawn, WOW!, A-Maize-N, Organic Weed and Feed, etc

26. Chemical Control in Turf Preemergence herbicides – primarily for annual weeds Postemergence herbicides – primarily used for perennial weeds

27. Crabgrass control in turf Preemergence Pre + Pre Postemergence Pre + Post

28. Preemergence Crabgrass Herbicides – at seeding or newly-seeded cool-season turf Tupersan (siduron) Drive (quinclorac) – certified commercial applicators only

29. Preemergence Crabgrass Herbicides – established cool-season turf Barricade (prodiamine) Ronstar (oxadiazon) - commercial applicators only, not home lawns Dimension (dithiopyr) pendimethalin (Halts, Pre-M, Pendulum, etc.) bensulide (Bensumec, etc.) Team (trifluralin + benefin) Dacthal (DCPA) Balan (benefin) Tupersan (siduron)

30. Preemergence Crabgrass Herbicides – established warm-season turf Barricade (prodiamine) Ronstar (oxadiazon) – commercial applicators only, not home lawns Dimension (dithiopyr) pendimethalin (Halts, Pre-M, Pendulum, etc.) bensulide (Bensumec, etc.) Team (trifluralin + benefin) Dacthal (DCPA) Balan (benefin)

31. Postemergence crabgrass herbicides – cool season turf Dimension (pre-tillering of crabgrass) MSMA, DSMA – uses being phased out Drive/products containing quinclorac Acclaim Extra (fenoxaprop)

32. Annual Bluegrass control Preemergence crabgrass herbicide in late August (may not be able to overseed) Prograss (professional applicators only) - postemergence in cool-season turf, dormant bermudagrass No control in spring for cool-season turf

33. Preemergence Control of Annual Broadleaf Weeds Depends upon the herbicide Preemergence control possible for: Spotted (Prostrate) spurge Common chickweed Henbit Others

34. Preemergence broadleaf control Gallery, Green Light Portrait (isoxaben) Preemergence crabgrass herbicides

35. Bermudagrass Suppression in Tall fescue No effective, selective control Suppression with Acclaim Extra + Turflon, Tupersan, some other chemicals Or 2-3 applications of Roundup and reseed Proper mowing height Overseeding

36. Yellow nutsedge control in Cool-season turf Postemergence control - SedgeHammer - Dismiss - Basagran - MSMA (being phased out) -Also used for kyllinga control

37. Wild Onion, Wild Garlic Control 2,4-D ester

38. Broadleaf Control Chemicals 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, MCPP, MCPA, dicamba, triclopyr, clopyralid, fluroxypyr Usually use combinations such as 2,4-D + MCPP 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba Leaf, root absorbed Sprays and granular forms

39. Spray versus Granular application Spray generally provides better control since these chemicals are absorbed by leaves as well as roots Granular formulations – reduce potential for leaf uptake, apply when dew is present Granules – no spray drift, still can injure ornamentals through root uptake

40. Dandelion Buckhorn plantain

41. Oxalis (woodsorrel)

42. Ground ivy Triclopyr or a dicamba based product

43. Wild Violet Control in Turf Postemergence control - triclopyr based product

44. Lespedeza - Use a triclopyr based product

45. Virginia buttonweed Repeat applications of a turf combination broadleaf herbicide - (Trimec, etc.)

47. Ornamental Bed Weed control Cultural Control Chemical control

48. Cultural Control in beds Hand-weeding, tilling, hoeing Mulches –Organic : pine bark, pine straw, hardwood bark, etc –Inorganic – rocks –Black plastic –Landscape fabrics

49. Mulches 2 to 4 depth Avoid mulch with a sulfur or ammonia odor (sour mulch) Free of weed seed Control annual weeds Rock mulches better than bark mulches for weed control Bark mulches can support weed growth

52. Black plastic Controls annuals and suppresses perennial weeds (inhbits water movement, gas exchange) Lacks porosity Best fit is annuals, vegetable gardens Consider fabrics for long-term use

53. Black plastic Improves weed control over mulch alone Lacks porosity (water, gases cannot readily move through) Encourages surface rooting Does not hold mulch well

55. Landscape fabrics Allow for water, gas exchange Sacrifice on weed control compared to solid black plastic Shoot penetrate upward through fabric Root penetration downward through fabric Keep totally covered with 1 inch mulch Rock mulches better for weed control

58. Chemical Weed Control in Ornamentals Preemergence herbicides Postemergence herbicides

59. Annual Flower beds Site prep – control perennial weeds prior to planting Rototill Transplant Irrigate Apply granular trifluralin (Preen Garden Weed Preventer, Treflan, etc) Irrigate Mulch

60. Woody ornamental beds Wider choice of preemergence herbicides than in annual beds (ie Snapshot) Apply prior to mulching

61. Postemergence Herbicides - Ornamentals A) Selective herbicides grasses - Vantage, Fusilade/Ornamec (Grass-B-Gon), Envoy, Acclaim yellow nutsedge – Basagran, SedgeHammer woody orn directed spray broadleaves - none

62. Postemergence Herbicides - Ornamentals B) Nonselective herbicides Contact – Reward – Scythe, vinegar based products (biorationals) Contact/systemic- Finale Systemic – glyphosate (Roundup, etc)

63. glyphosate (Roundup, others) Off patent, many producers nonselective systemic leaf, bark absorbed inactivated upon contact with soil use under good soil moisture wiper or shielded spray applications

64. Yellow nutsedge perennial sedge cultural control - landscape fabrics chemical control preemergence – Pennant Magnum, Tower postemergence – SedgeHammer, Basagran, Roundup, Finale, Reward

65. Bermudagrass control Postemergence control in broadleaf ornamentals and nongrass monocots like liriope Fusilade/Ornamec/Grass-B-Gon Segment Envoy

66. Poison ivy perennial broadleaf postemergence control - nonselective glyphosate, Finale Triclopyr (Brush-B-Gon)

67. Weed Control in Vegetable Gardens Cultural Hand-weeding, hoeing, cultivation Mulches – grass clippings (do not use from a lawn recently treated with a post broadleaf herbicide Newspaper + grass clippings Black plastic

68. Weed Control in Vegetable Gardens Rototill in spring to control chickweed and other winter annuals

69. Weed Control in Vegetable Gardens Chemical Control Trifluralin (Preen Garden Weed Preventer, others) See PMG and label for which species can be treated at seeding, which at transplanting Glyphosate for site prep or after final harvest