1. Vaccination Programs for Beef Cow/Calf Operations Dr. Michelle Arnold Ruminant Extension Veterinarian University of Kentucky

2. VACCINES ScoursPinkeyeClostridials Blackleg 7-way Respiratory Histophilus Pasteurella Mannheimia Viral 4 or 5- way Reproductive Lepto 5-way Lepto Hardjo Bovis TrichVibrio Respiratory and Reproductive What diseases am I trying to prevent?

3. Trying to prevent the diseases that lead to Abortion Disease Stage of Gestation Control Method BVD Up to 6 months FP vaccine, cull PI Brucellosis 6+ months Heifer vaccination; test / cull Campylobacter (Vibrio) Early embryonic death Vaccinate, antibiotic Chlamydia Last trimester Separation, sanitation IBR Last half Vaccinate Leptospirosis Any stage (usually 6+) Vaccinate, antibiotic Neospora 4-6 months Canine control Sarcocystis Last trimester Canine feces out of feed Trichomoniasis Early embryonic death < 5 months Cull infected bulls, vaccinate

4. REQUIRED VACCINES Clostridials Blackleg 7-way (<2 yrs) Respiratory Virals 4-way (5-way) Reproductive Lepto 5-way Vibrio Treat for internal and external parasites Cows Need Annually HB=Lepto Hardjo-Bovis Aim is to prevent the most common diseases as well as enhance colostrum

5. Open cows and heifers need a 5 way respiratory vaccine with vibrio (Campylobacter) and lepto 4-6 weeks prior to breeding Open Cows and Heifers – use modified live FP=Fetal Protection

6. What is BVD? One of the most important and most complicated viral diseases in beef and dairy cattle worldwide Two broad types of infection based on transmission: Transient Infection (TI) Persistent Infection (PI)

7. PI development Persistently Infected Carriers (PI’s) Infection BVD Virus 1 – 4 months gestation 93% of all PI’s produced this way PI’s produce PI’s 100% of the time Calf Courtesy of Dr. John Pickering

8. What does it do? Effects on fertility

9. Infection early in pregnancy = failure to conceive

10. Early embryonic loss Above - normal embryo Below - a degenerate embryo from a cow infected with BVD in early pregnancy.

11. Abortion Up to 180 days

12. Mummified Fetus

13. Developmental defects - hydrocephalus, cleft palate, cerebellar hypoplasia (120- 150days).

14. Developmental defects 90 to 150 days Cataracts Retinal Degeneration Optic Neuritis 90 to 150 days Cataracts Retinal Degeneration Optic Neuritis

15. Live born Dummy calves Stillbirths

16. 180 days on Normal calf- fetus is immunocompetent and able to mount a specific immune response

17. Summary of BVD Effects -50050100150200250300 No effect - calf born immune Developmental defects Persistent infection Embryonic loss or abortion Failure to conceive

18. Persistent Infection PI Carriers If fetus becomes a PI and survives - will continuously shed millions of virus all its life from all its secretions - feces - urine - saliva - nasal - milk - semen - uterine secretions - aborted membranes, fluids, fetus - Across fences. Virus survives in environment up to 7 days If it’s a female and later gets pregnant then its offspring will be a PI and its offspring and so on and so on

19. “FP” means protection against persistent infection and abortion due to BVD virus

20. Unfortunately the fact that a vaccine is licensed and available doesn’t mean it works Ribble CS Assessing vaccine efficacy Can J Vet Med Vol 31 Oct 1990

21. Vaccines do not work in sick, stressed, thin, or heavily parasitized cattle

22. Two Types of Viral Vaccines: Killed (Inactivated) and Modified Live (Attenuated)

23. MLV Respiratory Stimulate cell mediated and humoral immunity quickly-longer, stronger Booster recommended but not always required. Do not booster in less than 2 weeks Safe for Pregnant: Open Cows Only:

24. Anamnestic (Memory) Response with killed vaccine requires two doses- a primary and a booster

25. Killed Viral Respiratory Vaccines

26. A “respiratory vaccine” contains antigens from 4 viruses but the name often depends on the BVD fraction RESPIRATORY "4 or 5 or 6 way" Other Respiratory IBRBVDPI3BRSV Mannheimia Pasteurella (-)Histophilus(-) Type 1Type 2 NCP 36% CP 25% NCP 30% *CP 9% Type 1 and 2 are genotypes; CP and NCP Are biotypes. Pis have noncytopathic BVD *Not in Vaccines

27. “HS” stands for Histophilus somni (formerly known as Haemophilus somnus) Only used if required or if identified as a problem on the farm.

28. While they are in the chute, I’ll give them everything…but they will feel rough the next day More than two Gram (-) vaccines one time or mishandle vaccine-Excess endotoxin Mannheimia and Pasteurella Brucellosis (Bangs) Moraxella (Pinkeye) Salmonella, E.coli Histophilus (Hemophilus) Vibrio (Campylobacter)

29. The bull needs vaccinating, deworming and a breeding soundness exam before breeding season Approximately 20% of bulls have some degree of infertility

30. Pregnant cows and heifers need Scours Vaccine before they calve. Heifers need primary dose and booster. Annual vaccination required Scour Bos 9 Guardian Scour Guard 4KC

31. Scours Vaccines Scour Bos 9 Initial: 5-7 mos; Booster at 8 mos; Annual: 6.5-7 mos Guardian Initial: 7 mos; booster at 8 Annual: 7.5-8 mos Scour Guard 4KC Initial: 7 mos; booster at 8 Annual: 8 months

33. Calf Colostrum Absorption is best in the first 6 hours of life and steadily declines to zero in 24 hours Hours after birth Percent absorption in gut 30%

34. Talk to your veterinarian about your individual herd health program. Based on exposure to risk Marketing choices (Cows/calves/stockers/replacements) Compliance Expense

35. What if calve year round so cows are in all stages of gestation and all different ages of calves in the pasture #1 Recommendation-Individually identify cows and calves and record birth dates #2 Recommendation- Use killed vaccine and give an initial dose followed by a booster 4 weeks later. Continue using killed vaccine twice a year.

36. What about deworming? Use products effective against adult and inhibited Ostertagia but be aware of Cooperia Macrocyclic lactones-Long acting + External parasite control

37. Benzamidazoles White wormers Short acting-kill adult worms in the gut and dormant (hypobiotic) larvae No residual activity but excellent efficacy against Cooperia

38. Results from 2007-2008 FECRT: Free Lab Support to Bovine Practitioners 4765 samples tested

39. Results after Pour-Ons: Failure to eliminate worm egg shedding due to lack of Consistent and adequate absorption into the bloodstream.

40. If a macrocyclic lactone (especially ivermectin) is used for external parasite control, it should be used with another dewormer to prevent production losses and the further transfer of resistant parasites to other cattle

41. LongRange New dewormer called LongRange Eprinomectin-similar drug to Eprinex Delivers 100-150 days of parasite control in a single dose Prescription only

45. Pinkeye versus IBR

46. Current Pinkeye Facts Agent – Moraxella bovis, (M. bovoculi) Transmission – direct contact, face flies Treat – long acting antibiotics – Long acting tetracycline such as Hexasol or Noromycin 300(LA-200-seeing resistance) – Benzathine Penicillin and Dexamethasone subconjunctival-only with valid VCPR – Excede (off-label) – Draxxin – Nuflor (off label)

47. Predisposing Factors Lack of pigmentation around the eye ? – Ultraviolet light not absorbed by white hair Mechanical irritation/Physical trauma – Pollen, seeds, feed dust, dust – Stubble, thorn bushes can scratch cornea Chemical trauma – Fresh nitrogen applied to pasture Flies – Face flies feed on eye secretions – Vector of spreading bacteria from animal to animal

48. Predisposing Factors Ultraviolet light-cell damage to the cornea is initiated by UV burning. This is why the greatest occurrence is in summer. Viral Infection-Viruses such as IBR can damage the protective cells covering the eye Stress from shipping, processing, commingling can be immunosuppressive

49. Pinkeye Prevention Prevent Corneal Damage from sun- need shade. Control FACE flies-ear tags, face “flyps”,Altosid. Clean up areas where flies breed-spilled feed, old hay in rings. Clip pastures-mechanical injury from plant awns such as foxtail Clean Water Source-critical to keep eye clean and moist. Vaccinate Antibiotic in feed mix/ free choice mineral – Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin®) is not labeled for pinkeye control. However, it is legal to feed CTC to prevent anaplasmosis.

50. Fly Control-UK ENT-11 Fact Sheet Insecticide-impregnated tag Back rubs and wicks Dust bags Sprays Feed-throughs Pour-ons Avoidance of areas with heavy fly infestations Numerous insecticides and equipment available- Most Permethrin based Cylence or Python give good face and horn fly control

51. Questions?