1. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Peoples of North America African slaves adapted to their new environment and along the way preserved their African culture while also coming in contact with new cultures such as the American Indians.

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold American Indians Indians  The diverse peoples called Indians as a result of Christopher Columbus’s mistaken belief that in 1492 he had landed in the “Indies.”  However, these people saw themselves as very different and diverse populations.

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Spanish Empire Following Christopher Columbus’s voyage in 1492, the Spanish rapidly built colonies in America. Africans came early to these borderlands. In 1526 Luis Vasquez de Ayllon brought one hundred African slaves with him from Hispaniola.

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The British and Jamestown The English were slower to establish colonies in the Americas. They were considered a poorer nation than Spain. John Cabot established the first colony on the East Coast of North America called Jamestown.

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Africans in Jamestown By the early months of 1619, there were thirty-two people of African descent— fifteen men and seventeen women—living in the English colony at Jamestown.

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Servitude in the Chesapeake From the 1620s to the 1670s, black and white people—as well as American Indians—worked in the tobacco fields together, lived together, and slept together. As members of an oppressed working class, they were all unfree indentured servants. Indentured servitude had existed in Europe for centuries.

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Race and the Origins of Black Slavery By 1700 the tobacco plantations had at least 20% population of slaves.

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Race and the Origins of Black Slavery (cont'd) Britain was gaining more control of the Atlantic Slave Trade, thus sending slaves to the American Colonies, as slaves were cheaper poor white people found better opportunities for themselves in other regions of British North America, driving up the price of European indentured servants in the tobacco colonies.

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Emergence of Chattel Slavery House of Burgesses - Virginia’s governmental body empowered to enact legislation for the colony. This governing body set legislation that said that a child born to a slave mother would also be a slave for life. Beginning of slave codes Slaves were reduced legally to the status of domestic animals

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Bacon’s Rebellion and American Slavery Bacon’s Rebellion - Failed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon and white indentured servants against Virginia’s tobacco planting elite. Indentured servants were given free passage to America and free housing. Had to pay off their debts through work. Bacon tried to get black slaves to join his rebellion and unite against the master class Rebellion prompted plantation owners to switch from dangerous white servants to enslaved blacks.

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Plantation Slavery, 1700-1750 Between 1700 and 1770, some 80,000 Africans arrived in the tobacco colonies, and even more African Americans were born into slavery there.

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Tobacco Colonies Between 1700 and 1770 some 80,000 Africans arrived in the tobacco colony. By 1750, 144,872 slaved lived in Virginia and Maryland—another 40,000 lived the rice producing regions of South Carolina and Georgia. The living conditions of these slaves varied.

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Tobacco Colonies (cont'd) On smaller farms slaves worked with their master On larger farms slaves had an overseer Worked from Sun up to sun down on both farms Domestic work in the house lasted all day and night and could be more taxing

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Low-Country Slavery In the low country, black people were chattel from the start. Carolina Low Country  40,000 Slaves  Concentrated on growing rice Georgia Low Country  15,000 Slaves  Also grew rice

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold MAP 3–1

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Sales like the one

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Society Whites were afraid of a revolt. By 1698 Carolina had the strictest slave code in North America.

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Society (cont'd) A Creole population that had absorbed European values lived in close proximity to white people in Charleston and Savannah. Members of this Creole population were frequently mixed-race relatives of their masters and enjoyed social and economic privileges denied to slaves who labored on the nearby rice plantations.

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Society (cont'd) In what ways did the sugar plantations of the West Indies provide a model for the rice plantations of Georgia and the Carolinas?

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Life in Early America Not much was recorded in the early American colonies about how the slaves lived their daily lives. They lived in temporary, hastily built housing. Slave dress was minimal during the summer. Food consisted of corn, yams, salt port and occasionally salt beef and salt fish.

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A homemade shoe

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Life in Early America (cont'd) What was like life for black slaves in the first half of the eighteenth century?

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Life in Early America (cont'd) In what ways could slaves shape their own lives? Which slaves had the most freedom in this respect? Which had the least?

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Miscegenation and Creolization When Africans first arrived in the Chesapeake during the early seventeenth century, they interacted culturally and physically with white indentured servants and with American Indians. This mixing of peoples changed all three groups.

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave houses on the “Hermitage”

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African-American slave family

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The interior of a preserved slave cabin

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Miscegenation Miscegenation between blacks and whites and blacks and Indians was extensive throughout British North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Miscegenation between blacks and Indians was extensive, and striking examples of black-white marriage also occurred in seventeenth-century Virginia.

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Miscegenation (cont'd) How did miscegenation and creolization contribute to the emergence of a distinct African American identity?

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African-American Culture

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African American Culture Families  Creolization and miscegenation transformed the descendants of the Africans who arrived in North America into African Americans.  The second generation of Africans born in America did lose their parent’s native language, but many aspects of their native culture remained intact.

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African American Culture (cont'd)  African American family life began to flourish in the late 1750s.  African religions both indigenous and Islamic predominated well into the nineteenth century. Often masters refused to let their slaves become Christian.

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African American Culture (cont'd) What key elements of African culture survived the process of transportation and enslavement?

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Great Awakening The major turning point in African- American religion came in conjunction with the religious revival known as the Great Awakening. Great Awakening Eighteenth-century religious revival that grew out of growing dissatisfaction among white Americans with a deterministic and formalistic style of Protestantism.

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold George Whitefield

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Great Awakening (cont'd) With the Great Awakening, a process of general conversion began with slaves being converted to Christianity.

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This illustration of a negro revival meeting

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold photograph depicts two versions of the African mbanza

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This six-string wooden harp

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This eighteenth-century painting of slaves

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Roots of Culture Look closely at the painting of slaves on a South Carolina Plantation. What evidence does it provide of the translation of West African culture in America?

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Roots of Culture How did music fit into the lives of the slaves? Should it be considered a form of resistance?

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Roots of Culture (cont'd) What major elements of West African culture were retained and passed on by the second generation of people of African descent in North America?

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture African American culture also influenced the development of white culture. Everything from music to festival celebrations were influenced by African culture. African Americans also used West African culture and skills to shape the way work was done in the American South during and after colonial times.

48. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture (cont'd) What opportunities did African Americans have to shape colonial culture?

49. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Colonial America

50. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

51. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

52. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

53. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Colonial America By the end of the colonial period during the 1770s, only 50,000 African Americans lived in the northern colonies in comparison to 400,000 in the southern colonies. Like all Americans during the colonial era, most northern slaves were agricultural laborers.

54. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Colonial America (cont'd) Slave codes were stricter in the middle colonies because the black populations were larger and thought to be more of a threat. Assimilation -The adoption by a minority group of the customs and norms of the majority culture.

55. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold FIGURE 3–2

56. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Colonial America (cont'd) Why was slavery in the North less oppressed than slavery in the South?

57. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana People of African descent, brought to Florida and Louisiana during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, had different experiences from those who arrived in the British colonies.

58. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana (cont'd) They and their descendants learned to speak Spanish or French rather than English, and they became Roman Catholics rather than Protestants. In addition, the routes to freedom were more plentiful in the Spanish and French colonies than they were in Britain’s plantation colonies.

59. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The early city of St Augustine

60. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This detail of a mural

61. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in New Spain’s Northern Borderlands Centered on Mexico, this Spanish colony reached into Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona. The first people of African descent who entered this huge region were members of Spanish exploratory expeditions.

62. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in New Spain’s Northern Borderlands (cont'd) During the colonial era, however, New Spain’s North American borderlands had far fewer black people than there were in the British colonies.

63. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in New Spain’s Northern Borderlands (cont'd) What avenues for social and economic nobility were open to free people of African descent in Spain’s northern borderlands?

64. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Women in Colonial America Their lives varied according to what colony they lived in. In New England black women distinguished themselves in a variety of ways.  Lucy Terry Prince In the South there were few opportunities for black women. Life was more oppressive.

65. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Women in Colonial America (cont'd) In the 18th Century most black women worked in fields. As the 18th Century passed more black women became house servants. Masters and Overseers used their power to force themselves on female slaves.  The result was a large mixed population.

66. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Women in Colonial America (cont'd) What kinds of work did black women do in colonial America?

67. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Resistance and Rebellion Slavery in America was always a system that relied on physical force to deny freedom to enslaved Africans. Outliers  Living nearby and stealing from their master’s estate. Maroons  A word for escaped slaves derived from the Spanish word cimarron, meaning wild.

68. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Resistance and Rebellion (cont'd) The most durable of such maroon communities in North America existed in the Spanish colony of Florida.

69. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This 1791 engraving

70. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Resistance and Rebellion (cont'd) Slave Rebellions There were waves of rebellion in British North America during the years from 1710 to 1722 and 1730 to 1741. Men born in Africa took the lead in these revolts, and the two most notable ones occurred in New York City in 1712 and near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1739.

71. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Stono Rebellion A huge rebellion of slaves that started at the Stono Bridge within twenty miles of Charleston in September 1799. The slaves killed the warehousemen and then plundered it of guns and ammunition They killed the men and left their severed heads on the building’s steps.

72. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Stono Rebellion (cont'd) How did patterns of resistance change as slaves became acculturated?

73. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Timeline A

74. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Timeline B