1. Introduction to Analogies “Genius is the capacity to see ten things where the ordinary man sees one.” – Erza Pound

2. What is an analogy? An analogy is a type of word problem that consists of two word pairs. An analogy is a type of word problem that consists of two word pairs. To solve the analogy you must find a word that correctly completes the second pair. To solve the analogy you must find a word that correctly completes the second pair. At first glance, the words in an analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each other, but the words are always logically related. At first glance, the words in an analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each other, but the words are always logically related. The first pair of words has a relationship similar to the second pair of words. The first pair of words has a relationship similar to the second pair of words. To solve the analogy, you need to figure out that relationship. To solve the analogy, you need to figure out that relationship. There are different relationship patterns. There are different relationship patterns.

3. Analogies Analogies develop logic. Analogies develop logic. Analyze two words and identify the relationship between them. Analyze two words and identify the relationship between them. Find another pair of words that has the same relationship. Find another pair of words that has the same relationship.

4. Analogy Example Example: GRACEFUL : CLUMSY :: HOT : _______ GRACEFUL : CLUMSY :: HOT : _______ Read the analogy like this: Graceful is to clumsy as hot is to ‘blank.’ Read the analogy like this: Graceful is to clumsy as hot is to ‘blank.’ Then ask yourself: What's the relationship between graceful and clumsy? These words have opposite meanings – they are antonyms – so the second pair of words must also be antonyms. Then ask yourself: What's the relationship between graceful and clumsy? These words have opposite meanings – they are antonyms – so the second pair of words must also be antonyms. Fill in the blank with a word that means the opposite of hot, and you’ve solved the analogy. The best answer is COLD. Fill in the blank with a word that means the opposite of hot, and you’ve solved the analogy. The best answer is COLD.

5. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? DRY : ARID :: lost : mislaid DRY : ARID :: lost : mislaid Both words have similar meanings so this relationship is a synonym Both words have similar meanings so this relationship is a synonym

6. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? KIND : CRUEL :: happy : sad KIND : CRUEL :: happy : sad Both words have opposite meanings, so their relationship is an antonym. Both words have opposite meanings, so their relationship is an antonym.

7. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? CHAPTER : BOOK :: fender : automobile CHAPTER : BOOK :: fender : automobile A chapter is a part of a book just as a fender is a part of an automobile. A chapter is a part of a book just as a fender is a part of an automobile. Part and Whole Part and Whole What happens if you switch book and chapter in this analogy? What happens if you switch book and chapter in this analogy? BOOK : CHAPTER :: fender : automobile BOOK : CHAPTER :: fender : automobile Invalid analogy Invalid analogy

8. Part and Whole continued What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? POEM : STANZA :: play : acts POEM : STANZA :: play : acts It’s still Part and Whole, but this time the whole comes first. We could call it Whole and Part. It’s still Part and Whole, but this time the whole comes first. We could call it Whole and Part.

9. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? MIRROR : SMOOTH :: sandpaper : rough MIRROR : SMOOTH :: sandpaper : rough Mirrors are characteristically smooth just as sandpaper is characteristically rough. Mirrors are characteristically smooth just as sandpaper is characteristically rough. Characteristic/Quality Characteristic/Quality

10. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? POLKA : DANCE :: frog : amphibian BIRD : CARDINAL :: house : igloo POLKA : DANCE :: frog : amphibian BIRD : CARDINAL :: house : igloo A polka may be classified as a dance; a cardinal is classified as a bird. A polka may be classified as a dance; a cardinal is classified as a bird. Classification Classification

11. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? GIFT : JOY :: rain : flood TEARS : SADNESS :: smiles : joy GIFT : JOY :: rain : flood TEARS : SADNESS :: smiles : joy A gift can cause joy; tears are an effect of sadness. A gift can cause joy; tears are an effect of sadness. Cause and Effect Cause and Effect

12. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? KNIFE : CUT :: shovel : dig KNIFE : CUT :: shovel : dig The function of a knife is to cut. The function of a knife is to cut. Function Function

13. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? FISH : SEA :: moose : forest FISH : SEA :: moose : forest A fish can be found in the sea, just as a moose can be found in a forest. A fish can be found in the sea, just as a moose can be found in a forest. Location Location

14. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? CHUCKLE : LAUGH :: whimper : cry CHUCKLE : LAUGH :: whimper : cry These words differ in degree. One is more intense than the other. These words differ in degree. One is more intense than the other. Degree Degree

15. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? CASHIER : CASH :: plumber : pipe CASHIER : CASH :: plumber : pipe A cashier works with cash, just as a plumber works with pipes. A cashier works with cash, just as a plumber works with pipes. Performer and a related object Performer and a related object

16. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? AUTHOR : WRITE :: chef : cook AUTHOR : WRITE :: chef : cook You expect an author to write, just as you expect a chef to cook. You expect an author to write, just as you expect a chef to cook. Performer and a related action Performer and a related action

17. Types of Analogies What’s the relationship? What’s the relationship? BOIL : EGG :: throw : ball BOIL : EGG :: throw : ball You boil an egg, just as you throw a ball. (In these items, the object always receives the action.) You boil an egg, just as you throw a ball. (In these items, the object always receives the action.) Action and a related object Action and a related object

18. Tip #1 Make sure you are considering the words in terms of their definition. Don’t add extra “baggage” to the question. Make sure you are considering the words in terms of their definition. Don’t add extra “baggage” to the question. Example: Monster : scary Example: Monster : scary By DEFINITION a monster is scary. Do not think to yourself, “Well, not every monster is scary.” Just consider the definitions of words and the relationships between them. By DEFINITION a monster is scary. Do not think to yourself, “Well, not every monster is scary.” Just consider the definitions of words and the relationships between them.

19. Tip #2 Many of the analogy questions can be answered without the knowledge of the words. Many of the analogy questions can be answered without the knowledge of the words. Example: Word 1: Word 2 Example: Word 1: Word 2 Up: down(antonyms) Up: down(antonyms) Cold: hot(antonyms) Cold: hot(antonyms) Register: cash(degree) Register: cash(degree) Polite: rude(antonyms) Polite: rude(antonyms) Friendly: hostile(antonyms Friendly: hostile(antonyms