1. Relationships Between Words

2.  Analogies are based on relationships between word pairs.  There is often more than one way to build a relationship between pairs of words.  What are the different ways these words can be related? fish, fin, fly, worm, swim, wing, bird

3.  fish/swim  (swim is the action that a fish does)  bird/________ (What is the action that a bird does)  bird/fly  These are object to action analogies.

4.  fin/fish  A fin is part of a fish.  wing/_____ (What is a wing part of?)  wing/bird  These are part to whole analogies.

5.  fin/swim (How is fin related to swim?)  wing/______ (What word relates to wing in the same way?)  wing/fly  The first word is something used to do the second word.  These are tool to use analogies.

6.  An analogy is a comparison between two word pairs.  The key to understanding analogies is to focus on the relationship between the word pairs.

7.  In each pair of the analogy, the first animal is a specific kind of the second.  A guppy is a kind of fish.  A hawk is a kind of bird.  These are examples of specific example to a general category analogies.  The relationship between to two pairs should be clear.

8.  Analogies can be written in words or in symbols. The colon (dots) replace the words.  hawk is to bird AS guppy is to fish  hawk : bird :: guppy : fish  Both of these analogies read: A hawk is related to a bird in the same way as a guppy is related to a fish.

9.  Look at the parts of speech used in each word pair.  The type of words used give you a clue as to the type of relationship shown.  In an analogy with a kind of relationship, the words are all nouns. (specific example to general category)  pear : fruit :: squash : vegetable  In an object/action analogy, the first word is a noun (the object), and the second word is a verb (the action).  bird : chirp :: dog : bark

10. 1. Object (tool) to the Action (use)  In each pair, the first word is a tool used for the activity (second word).  book : read :: pencil : write 2. Word to its Opposite (antonym)  In each pair, the first word means the opposite of the second word.  hot : cold :: day : night

11. 3. Part to Whole  The first word is a part of a whole thing, second word.  athlete : team :: spectator : audience 4. Cause to Effect  The first word is the cause, the second word is the effect.  teasing : quarrel :: speeding : ticket

12. 5. Kind of (general category/specific example)  The first word is a general category, and the second word is a specific example.  beetle: ladybug:: butterfly: monarch 6. Object to Material  The first word is the object, the second word is what it is made up of.  bottle : plastic :: shirt : cotton

13. 7. Synonyms  In each pair, the first word means the same as the second word.  satchel : bag :: crate : box 8. Male to Female  In each pair, the male and female is compared.  bull : cow :: rooster : hen

14. Analogy = a way of showing that the relationship between one pair of words is similar to the relationship between a second pair of words Example The relationship between a writer and a pen is similar to the relationship between a painter and a brush.

15. Example The relationship between a writer and a pen is similar to the relationship between a painter and a brush. A writer is to a pen as a painter is to a brush.

16. Example A writer is to a pen AS a painter is to a brush. writer : pen :: painter : brush

17.  delicate : fragile :: sturdy : strong  Word : Synonym  balloon : rise :: ball : throw  Object : Action  rich : poor :: happy : sad  Word : Antonym  ink : pen :: lead: pencil  Part : Whole

18.  boy: girl :: gander : goose  Male : Female  ring : silver :: tray : styrofoam  Object : Material  class : math :: school : Baker  General : Specific  effort : success :: sleep : energy  Cause : Effect

19. On your paper, write down the 8 different types of analogies and create your own. 1. object : action 2. word : antonym 3. part : whole 4. cause : effect 5. general : specific 6. object : material 7. word : synonym 8. male : female

20.  Fold your paper in half and make a two column chart.  On the left hand side, label it “Relationship”.  On the right hand side, label it “Answer”.  Relationship Answer  Number 1-40 on each side.  With your partner, read each card and determine the relationship between the words. Record this on the left hand side of your chart.  Once you have determined the relationship, complete the analogy. Record this on the right hand side of your chart.

21.  Antonyms  Part to Whole Whole to Part  Object to Action Action to Object  Male to Female  Female to Male  Synonyms  Object to Material  Material to Object  Cause to Effect Effect to Cause  Specific to General General to Specific

22.  Add  Ax  Big  Boat  Brush  City  Diet  Discuss  Eat  Feather  Freeze  Happiness  Insect  Mars  Picture  Quick  Rough  Sand  Sentence  Support  Antonyms  Synonyms  Part to Whole Whole to Part  Object to Action Action to Object  Cause to Effect  Effect to Cause  Specific to General  General to Specific

23.  Add  Ax  Big  Boat  Brush  City  Diet  Discuss  Eat  Feather  Freeze  Happiness  Insect  Mars  Picture  Quick  Rough  Sand  Sentence  Support