2. CAUSES OF WAR Nationalism: devotion of interests and culture to one’s nation Nationalism: devotion of interests and culture to one’s nation Old Empires: ruling smaller countries, colonies, and territories (imperialism) Old Empires: ruling smaller countries, colonies, and territories (imperialism) Old Style Governments: monarchies, communists, etc. Old Style Governments: monarchies, communists, etc. Alliance System: formed originally to promote peace, dangerous though b/c if a country did wage war it would draw in the countries in that alliance Alliance System: formed originally to promote peace, dangerous though b/c if a country did wage war it would draw in the countries in that alliance Arms race: militarism (increased military spending to build armies and navies and to build up weapon supply) Arms race: militarism (increased military spending to build armies and navies and to build up weapon supply)

3. ALLIANCES: agreements between countries to secure common goals and interests Triple Alliance: (Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire Triple Alliance: (Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire Triple Entente: (Allies) France, Great Britain, and Russia Triple Entente: (Allies) France, Great Britain, and Russia

4. What starts the Great War: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife (from Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Serbian radical) Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife (from Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Serbian radical) Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Alliances will join in due to their obligation Alliances will join in due to their obligation Germany declares war on Russia Germany declares war on Russia Germany invasion of France and Belgium cause Britain to declare war on Germany Germany invasion of France and Belgium cause Britain to declare war on Germany

5. US Neutrality Although the Allies want help from the US, the US declares neutrality (remember Washington’s Farewell Address) Although the Allies want help from the US, the US declares neutrality (remember Washington’s Farewell Address) Public opinion is strong and divided Public opinion is strong and divided Sympathy for Allies develop: common ancestry, similar language, Germany is very aggressive and submarine warfare begins Sympathy for Allies develop: common ancestry, similar language, Germany is very aggressive and submarine warfare begins Export of war materials to Allies begins Export of war materials to Allies begins

6. Wilson Wilson runs for re-election in 1916 under the slogan “He kept us out of war!” Wilson runs for re-election in 1916 under the slogan “He kept us out of war!” Favors an isolationist policy and remaining out of war, Wilson calls for peace Favors an isolationist policy and remaining out of war, Wilson calls for peace Five things will lead Wilson to ask Congress to declare war: Five things will lead Wilson to ask Congress to declare war: 1. German U-boats sink the Lusitania in 1915 (128 Americans lost) 2. Zimmerman Note which urged Mexico to declare war on the United States 3. Germans threaten US shipping industry 4. Ensure repayment of debts 5. Russian Revolution—Russia pulls out of WWI 1917

7. DETAILS US continues to export war materials US continues to export war materials German U-Boats threaten to destroy any ships = unrestricted submarine warfare German U-Boats threaten to destroy any ships = unrestricted submarine warfare Lusitania sinks in 1915: 146 Americans killed when this British Oceanliner was sunk by German U-Boats Lusitania sinks in 1915: 146 Americans killed when this British Oceanliner was sunk by German U-Boats Zimmerman Note—attempt by Germany to get Mexico involved urging Mexico to join the Central Powers and declare war on the United States Zimmerman Note—attempt by Germany to get Mexico involved urging Mexico to join the Central Powers and declare war on the United States Russian Revolution causes Russia to pull out of the war; Russia’s participation had previously kept the US from joining the war effort Russian Revolution causes Russia to pull out of the war; Russia’s participation had previously kept the US from joining the war effort “We intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare…We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the U.S. neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance…” Arthur Zimmerman, 1917 German Foreign Secretary

8. U.S. Enters War - Peace without Victory -idealistic peace plan: Wilson wants to create a “league for peace” --Zimmerman Note intercepted -Wilson calls for War “War to make world safe for democracy” “democracies v. monarchies” Mobilize: 1.Ensure repayment of debts 2.Germans threaten US ships

9. Stalemate (two sides have no safe course of action) and Warfare Submarine warfare: new technology, called U- boats Submarine warfare: new technology, called U- boats Trench warfare results from stalemate: fight from ditches only yards away from each other Trench warfare results from stalemate: fight from ditches only yards away from each other No Man’s Land: area of barren barbed wire land between trenches No Man’s Land: area of barren barbed wire land between trenches First war in which airplanes are used First war in which airplanes are used Mustard gas: poisonous gas used to harm enemy Mustard gas: poisonous gas used to harm enemy

10. Gear soldiers wore to avoid contact with chlorine gas. Gear soldiers wore to avoid contact with chlorine gas.

12. Military Operations **US not prepared for war** -Selective Service Act drafted over 3 million troops, random selection -recruits trained for 9 months (partly in US, partly in Europe) -transportation problems: how to get troops overseas gov’t control of industry: in order to produce needed goods efficiently use of convoy system: heavy guard ships to escort merchant ships

13. Military Operations -”Over There”: war is far away from home -”Dough Boys”: nickname for American Infantry Men -General John Pershing: led the American Expeditionary Force: widely separated parts of the country brought together -Argonne Forest Campaign -Alvin York-American Hero- killed 32 Germans and captured 132 -Armistice Nov. 1918 no battles fought in Germany leads to the end of war

14. “Over There” “Over There” Johnnie, get your gun, Get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, On the run, on the run. Hear them calling, you and me, Every son of liberty. Hurry right away, No delay, go today, Make your daddy glad To have had such a lad. Tell your sweetheart not to pine, To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice) Chorus Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there - That the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming Ev'rywhere. So prepare, say a pray'r, Send the word, send the word to beware. We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over Over there. Johnnie, get your gun, Get your gun, get your gun, Johnnie show the Hun Who's a son of a gun. Hoist the flag and let her fly, Yankee Doodle do or die. Pack your little kit, Show your grit, do your bit. Yankee to the ranks, From the towns and the tanks. Make your mother proud of you, And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice)

15. Fighting “Over There” -most U.S. soldiers were not experienced travelers Impressed by sights, but devastated at the unexpected horror of war -huge cannons, Zeppelins, machine guns, poison gases, tanks, airplanes = horrific injuries -poor medical care shell shock, trench foot, trench mouth

16. QUICK REVIEW DAY 1 (last page of handout) 1. What are two causes of WWI? 2. What were the two alliances? 3. What event sparked the war? 4. What was Wilson’s original position? 5. What are two events that drew the US into WWI? 6. What side did the US join? 7. What were US soldiers nicknamed? 8. What act in 1917 officially drafted men into the war?