2. 1 The Modal Memory Model: Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory

3. 2 General Plan 1960s Many models of memory proposed Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) –Sensory Memory –Short-term Memory –Long-term Memory

4. 3 William James Primary Memory Secondary Memory

5. 4 Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

6. 5 STM Bottleneck STM Sensory Memory Long Term Memory

7. 6 Properties of the Different Memory Stores

8. 7 Characteristics of the Memory Stores

9. 8 Research on the A & S Model Serial Position Effect Recency Effect Kintsch & Buschke (1969) Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

10. 9 Serial Position Effect Demo

11. 10 Serial Position Effect Graph Recency Effect Primacy Effect

12. 11 Rundus (1971)

13. 12 Questions How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS? How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

14. 13 Eliminating the Recency Effect

15. 14 Other Evidence: Kintsch & Bushchke (1969)

16. 15 Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction H.M.- Epileptic - Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus - STM ---> LTM disrupted K.F.- Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex - LTM Normal - STM capacity severely limited

17. 16 Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction The dog bit the man and the man died. vs. The man the dog bit died.

18. 17 Evidence Against A & S More recent research challenges the strict coding distinction Recency Effect challenged Neuroscience evidence

19. 18 Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

20. 19 The Sensory Store

21. 20 Lightning

22. 21 Lightning Demo

23. 22 Lightning Questions

24. 23 Sensory Memory Sensory memory or sensory register Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell Relatively raw, unprocessed form

25. 24 Why Do We Need Sensory Memory? Stimuli change Maintain for selection and further processing Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single unitary perception

26. 25 Classic Studies Sperling (1960) Averbach & Sperling (1961)

27. 26 A Tachistoscope

28. 27 Tachistoscopic Display - Blank

29. 28 * Fixation Point

30. 29 J Z G B S X P L R M Q F Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

31. 30 Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

32. 31 Tachistoscopic Display Blank 2

33. 32 * Fixation Point

34. 33 Y Q C H N D R J V B K S Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

35. 34 Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

36. 35 Schematic of Typical Sperling Exp

37. 36 Number of Letters Recalled as a Function of Technique & Delay

38. 37 Iconic Memory 1.Location 2.Usefulness 3.Saccades 4.Nature of the code

39. 38 1 K 5 L H J 3 B 7 D 8 T Letters & Numbers (Early vs. Late Processing Issue)

40. 39 Demo 4.1: Examples of Sensory Memory

41. 40 Demo 4.2 Unitary Perception from Fragments

42. 41 Auditory Sensory Memory Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972) Differences from iconic memory Crowder (1982)

43. 42 An Echoic Memory Study

44. 43 Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder

45. 44 Discriminating Between Two Sounds (Crowder, 1982) Graph

46. 45 Short-Term Memory

47. 46 Short-Term Memory Nature of Forgetting Duration Nature of Code Capacity

48. 47 Short Term Memory Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959) Trigram task

49. 48 Trigrams K X J P L G S Y T H Z R

50. 49 Brown-Peterson Results

51. 50 STM--Nature of the code Conrad (1964) Visual display of letters Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’ but not ‘F’ for ‘E’) Wickelgren (1965)

52. 51 Wickelgren (1965)

53. 52 Sensory Memory STM Long Term Memory STM Capacity Limited

54. 53 Capacity of STM Limited Capacity (7 + 2) Digit Span Task Difficulties

55. 54 Chunking Recoding:(1 4 9 2 ----> ‘1492’ Columbus) Chase & Ericsson (1982) Capacity of STM (cont.)

56. 55 SF DIGIT SPAN DEMO

57. 56 SF Digit Span Experiment Initial Session (8 digits): Digit Series:1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4 SF’s Recall:105 31874 Later Session (11 digits): Digit Series:90756629867 SF’s Recall:907 566 29867 SF’s Report:9:07 a 2-mile time Still Later Sessions (22 digits): Digit Series: 4131778406034948709462 SF’s Recall: 413.1 / 77.84 / 0603 494 / 870 / 946.2 SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time 06:03 mile time 9:46.2 2-mile time

58. 57 Revisions to the STM Idea

59. 58 Brown & Peterson Revisited Decay vs. Interference Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus material Keppel & Underwood (1962) PI = Proactive Interference Wickens et. al. - Release from PI

60. 59 Digit Probe Task: Waugh & Norman (1965) 16 digits----->probe digit 5 1 9 6 3 5 1 4 2 8 6 7 3 9 4 9 8 3 7 5 7 1 4 9 3 8 6 2 7 5 2

61. 60 Effect of Presentation Rate vs. Number of Interfering Items on Recall (Waugh & Norman, 1965)

62. 61 Wickens, Born, & Allen (1963)

63. 62 Release from Proactive Interference

64. 63 Release from PI (Evidence for Semantic Codes)

65. 64 Release from PI as a Function of Semantic Similarity (Based on Wickens, et al., 1976)

66. 65 Working Memory Revision of STM 3 part system Baddeley Dual task paradigm

67. 66 Baddeley Working Memory Model

68. 67 Reasoning Task with Letter Recall AB ‘A’ precedes ‘B’?T or F ‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’.T or F ‘B’ does not precede ‘A’.T or F

69. 68 Reasoning Speed and Letter Recall

70. 69 Reasoning Times & Letter Recall Results

71. 70 Bradimonte Et al. (1992)

72. 71 Brandimonte (1992) 1. Study 6 pictures1. Study 6 pictures while saying “la, la, la...” 2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part, and name it. 2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part and name it. 3. Number of correct items: 2.7 3. Number of correct items: 3.8 Condition 1Condition 2 ? Fish

73. 72 Pronunciation Time & Memory Span

74. 73 Memory Span and Pronunciation Rate

75. 74 Capacity of STM