1. What is the Enlightenment? (also called the Neoclassical Period)

2. It begins with a rejection.... Of dogma Of superstition Of traditional religion Of factionalism Of (in some cases) monarchy Of disorder

3. The 1600s had a different ideology --one steeped in supernatural politics. Alchemy, Angelology, Demonology The Great Chain of Being Divine Right of Kings

4. The Great Chain of Being God Angelic Beings Humanity Animals Plants Minerals

5. The War of the Roses, anyone?...but that led to dire political schisms when a monarch died without a clear heir.

6. The Plantagenet Family Tree..if you think ‘Plantagenet’ does not sound very ‘English’, you’re right…they were originally French

7. …about as sensible as the DSI’s conspiracy theory

8. The Renaissance saw many countries become Protestant, shattering the fifteen-hundred-year-old spiritual monopoly of Catholicism. Renaissance Reformation!

9. Jan Hus In Eastern Europe – challenged the nature & functions of the church (burnt alive) Martin Luther in Germany – challenged many ideas (e.g. freedom from God's punishment of sin could not be purchased with money, salvation was a free gift from god in return for faith, not ‘good works’), – wrote the ‘Ninety Five Thesis’ which initiated the foundation of the Protestant Church Henry VIII in Britain – formally separated England from the Catholic Holy Roman Empire – created the Church of England with himself as the head

10. But that dreaded factionalism lead to religious wars-- some continuing off- and-on for a century. England, Germany, and Holland became Protestants allies. They fought repeatedly against Catholic France, Spain, and Italy. Later, Protestant groups turned on each other--with Anglican persecutions against Jansenists, Anabaptists, Quakers--and in America, Puritans against Quakers, etc.

11. ... And to heresy trials ‘heresy’ – a challenge to established religious dogma

12. And to the auto-da-fé That is the execution of individuals who dissented from standard scriptural interpretations--usually by public burning. The practice began in 1215 in medieval Catholicism, but Protestants picked it up in Geneva and London in the mid-1500s. John Calvin oversaw the public burnings of Michael Servetus and other theological dissidents. Martin Luther moved away from toleration of Jews early in his career to increasing anti-semiticism later in his preaching.

13. And to ever increasing numbers of witch burnings Witch trials were actually higher in number during the Renaissance reign of King James I than in any decade of the medieval period in Britain.

14. And the Inquisition’s growth. The Inquisition received official Church sanction in 1215, but the height of its activity in Spain and France actually peaked in the 1500s and 1600s--i.e, Renaissance times.

15. Not even Galileo was safe. The church arrested Galileo For heretical ideas such as heliocentricism. Threatened with torture, he publicly recanted his science and lived his last days under permanent house arrest. Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and Chronicles 16:30 include text stating that "the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved." In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, "[the LORD] set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved." Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "the sun rises and the sun sets, and hurries back to where it rises.” This meant that the Idea the earth spun on its axis or revolved around the sun was incompatible with literalist readings of scripture--and many medieval and Renaissance church authorities forbade such teachings.

16. The printing press dazzled the early Renaissance...

17. But the overflow of new ideas was also frightening--leading to national censorship, book burnings, the index librorum prohibitorum, pamphlet wars.

18. Worn out by 200 years of this bickering, warfare, dissension, and fanaticism, Europe was ready for a change by the late 1600s and early 1700s. “I said, a change, a change, would do you good.” --Cheryl Crow, “A Change.”

19. What is the Enlightenment attitude? (1) A desire for rationality, logic, consistency. (2) A rejection of emotionalism (3) A preference for evidence, not faith (4) Increased interest in science, mathematics, geometry (5) An admiration for Greece and Rome and an abhorrence for everything medieval. (6) A preference for the artificial over the natural, technology over wilderness. That change was the Enlightenment!

20. What is the Enlightenment socially? (1) A disdain of “messiness” and “chaos” as being unharmonious. (2) A preference for democracy. (3) A preference for civilized, polite discussion of ideas. Conclusions reached by intelligent debate--not force. (4) A desire to create social standards based on reason- -not tradition. (5)An embrace of monotheistic Deism rather than traditional Trinitarian doctrines.

22. What is the Enlightenment aesthetically? (1)A desire for geometric shapes, orderly repetition in mathematical patterns. (2) A disdain of “messiness” and “chaos” in art and clothing and hairstyles as being unharmonious. (3) Greco-Roman architecture (4) Endless Heroic Couplets (5) Satire as a means of social critique

23. See for instance Enlightenment gardens.

24. Here, the “messiness” of the natural world must bow before pure geometry. In such a garden, the chaos of nature is tamed to match the orderly design of human intellect.

25. Straight lines, 90 degree corners, the stuff to warm the heart of an Enlightenment thinker. Thus, hedge--mazes appear across Europe.

26. Even the untidiness of natural hair disturbs Enlightenment society. Thus, the tradition of the perfectly coiffed wig appears in the age of Washington and Jefferson and Marie Antoinette. Powdered porcelain make-up and other cosmetics become fashionable and artificial “beauty” patches (bits of black cloth with adhesive) are used to create artificial moles or freckles (or to hide natural ones.) It is an age of absolute artifice.

27. The Enlightenment is so devoted to Greco- Roman logic and philosophy it is thus also called the “Neoclassic Period.” A similar taste appears in their architecture, their plays and drama....

28. Take a look at the Arch of Emperor Constantine, built c. 312-315 CE.

29. Then look at the French Arc de Triomph du Carrousel. Note any similarities?

30. Top Left: the Parthenon of the Acropolis, built c. 447-438 BCE. Bottom left: Ragensberg Replica, Planned in the 1790s And built 1830 CE.

31. We also see it in their obsessive and rigorous attitudes to standardizing language: Samuel Johnson working on his dictionary of 1755. The French Academy Of Language

32. …and artificial grammar rules based on Latin, or Greek, or even rules of algebra! Double negatives? Reflexive pronouns? Split infinitives? Standardizing spelling based on etymology? “Incomparables” versus positives and superlatives? Shall versus Will? “It is I,” or “It is me”? Count Nouns versus Non-Count Nouns?

33. How do these tendencies affect the Enlightenment’s literature? In poetry: heroic couplets and “perfect” metrical patterns and a return to classical Greco-Roman epics. Cf. Pope’s The Rape of the Lock. In both poetry and prose, a focus on satire--the use of mockery to point out social stupidities.

34. Summary A time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centered upon the 18 th C, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals Immanuel Kant described it simply as : –‘freedom to use one's own intelligence’ (1784) And gave the movement it’s motto: –"Aude Sapere" - Dare to Think Held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of society.

35. 1.French Revolution 1789-1799 Key features: a)Abolition and replacement of the French monarchy with a radical democratic republic.

36. b)Radical social change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and human rights ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen’ - removed class privileges of the aristocrats and nobles

37. c)Massive shifting of powers from the Roman Catholic Church to the state. The Church had been the largest single landowner in France, owning about 10 percent of the land in the kingdom Confiscated and sold church owned land Abolished right to levy a tithe Encouraged monks and nuns to return to private life Made all church officers into government employees

38. The types of criticism leveled against them can be seen through the works of: –Marquis de Montesquieu –Voltaire –Rousseau –Diderot

39. Marquis de Montesquieu (1688- 1755) Among the earliest critics of absolute monarchy. Persian Letters (1721), which purported to contain reports of an Oriental traveler in Europe, describing the irrational behavior and ridiculous customs of Europeans, delighted a large reading audience. The Spirit of Laws (1748), expressed his main political principles. It is noted for its practical common sense, its objective recognition of geographic influences on political systems, its advocacy of checks and balances in government, and its uncompromising defense of liberty against tyranny.

40. Voltaire (1694 – 1778) Personified the skepticism of his century toward traditional religion and the injustices of the Old Regimes. Imprisoned twice in the Bastille and even banished to England for three years. On returning to France, Voltaire continued to champion toleration. He popularized Newtonian science, fought for freedom of the press, and actively crusaded against the church. In such endeavors, he turned out hundreds of histories, plays, pamphlets, essays, and novels. His estimated correspondence of 10,000 letters, employed his wry wit in spreading the gospel of rationalism and reform of abuses.

41. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712- 1778) Although believing in the general objectives of the Enlightenment, Rousseau distrusted reason and science and hated for the Old Regime. He gloried in human impulse and intuition, trusting emotions rather than thought, the heart rather than the mind. - spoke as a rebel against all established institutions. He also professed admiration for "noble savages," who lived completely free of law, courts, priests, and officials. The Social Contract (1762), was Rousseau's criticism of absolute monarchy - "Man is born free, but today he is everywhere in chains."

42. Diderot (1713 – 1784) Authored ‘Encyclopédie’ a new dictionary of arts and sciences to include many of the enlightenment ideas Persecuted by the nobles and church for its attacks on their rights and privileges but became one of the main ways in which enlightenment thinking was transmitted Also challenged religion, particularly Christianity as being fanatical and unreasonable – referred to Christianity as being “the most absurd and the most atrocious in its dogma” Developed a purely materialistic view of life “this world is only a mass of molecules”

44. The main targets of the enlightenment were: –Monarchy –Religion –Did monarchs appreciate their loss of prestige/power? –Did the aristocrats appreciate their loss of prestige/power? –Did the church appreciate its loss of prestige/power? Revolution death toll estimates –‘Reign of Terror’ Executed with Trial: 17,000 Executed w/o Trial: 12,000 Died in jail: "thousands" TOTAL: 40,000 –‘Vendee rebellion’: 100,000 Encarta, "French Revolution"