2. What we think we KNOW Why was America established?

3. The Enlightenment

4. Important terms Absolutism: A system of government in which a monarch is the only source of power Absolutism: A system of government in which a monarch is the only source of power Common good: An effort by individuals to work together for the benefit of all Common good: An effort by individuals to work together for the benefit of all Natural rights: A belief that individuals are naturally endowed with basic human rights that cannot be taken away or given up Natural rights: A belief that individuals are naturally endowed with basic human rights that cannot be taken away or given up

5. Path to the Enlightenment Forefathers of the Enlightenment: Forefathers of the Enlightenment: –John Locke: wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding Stated that every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank slate People are molded by the experiences in the world, and so if people change society can change as well

6. Hobbes v. Locke In this corner: John Locke: Believing that people have natural rights and that before society was organized people lived in a state of equality and freedom In this corner: John Locke: Believing that people have natural rights and that before society was organized people lived in a state of equality and freedom And in this corner: Thomas Hobbes: Believing that people entered into a social contract and agreed to form a state; this state would then be governed by an absolute ruler in order to keep peace and preserve order And in this corner: Thomas Hobbes: Believing that people entered into a social contract and agreed to form a state; this state would then be governed by an absolute ruler in order to keep peace and preserve order

7. Who led the Enlightenment? The philosophes: the Enlightenment thinkers The philosophes: the Enlightenment thinkers –Writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers –Mostly noble/middle class –The role of philosophy is to change the world –The philosophes often disagreed

8. Baron de Montesquieu French nobility French nobility The Spirit of Laws: study of governments The Spirit of Laws: study of governments –Tried to use the scientific method to find the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings –Three kinds of governments: Republics= small states Republics= small states Despotism= large states Despotism= large states Monarchies= moderate states Monarchies= moderate states – Three forms of government The executive (monarch) The executive (monarch) The legislative (parliament) The legislative (parliament) The judicial (courts) The judicial (courts) –Government functions through a separation of powers/ checks and balances

9. Voltaire Prosperous middle class family in Paris Prosperous middle class family in Paris Religion: Criticized Christianity and believed strongly that all religions should be tolerant of one another Religion: Criticized Christianity and believed strongly that all religions should be tolerant of one another –“All men are brothers under God.” –Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Deism Deism –Foundation= Newtonian world-machine –Mechanic of the universe= God (clockmaker) –Universe= a clock –What happens after God sets the clock? What is his God’s role then?

10. Jean Jacques Rousseau Part of the later Enlightenment Part of the later Enlightenment Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind: people are enslaved to their governments Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind: people are enslaved to their governments The Social Contract: The Social Contract: –Most famous work –Social contract: society agrees to be governed by its general will Individuals cannot follow their own self- interests Individuals cannot follow their own self- interests