1.  MA #4 (you are now going back to this assignment) due Friday  Test on Middle Ages Wednesday, April 1.

2. Do Now: How could the rise of towns and cities weaken the power of feudalism and manorialism and strengthen the kings in Europe? Think about: ◦ What were the people in towns willing to provide to their kings to get a charter? How could this strengthen the power of the kings? ◦ How could the “year and a day” rule make it more difficult to keep serfs on the manor?

3. A. Townspeople are willing to pay taxes to the king to gain protection and a charter B. King can now afford to hire soldiers – does not have to depend on lords to supply fighting men C. Power of lords decreases – feudalism starts to decline

4. A. With monarchs in England and France gaining power, these areas can start to become nation-states. What is a nation- state?

5. B. Nation-State: An independent nation of people having a common culture and identity. How we think of countries today.

6. A. William the Conqueror (of Normandy) (rules England from 1066-1087) 1. Battle of Hastings (1066): Invades England, defeats King Harold and the Anglo-Saxons, becomes king. 2. Combines A-S and Norman institutions and languages 3. Creates the Domesday Book: A census with detailed records of land ownership.

7. B. Henry II (Rules England 1154-1189) 1. Gains power over much of France through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine

8. 2. Strengthens the power of the royal courts: Brings more criminal and property cases before these courts 3. Develops Common Law: Law that was common to the whole kingdom

9. 4. Tries to bring the church under the authority of royal courts by appointing his friend Thomas a Becket to be archbishop of Canterbury. Beckett refuses to give in to Henry, and gets assassinated.

10. C. John I (Rules England 1199- 1216): Lost English lands in Normandy and northern France to the French, became known as “John Softsword” 1. Nobles force him to Sign the Magna Carta in 1215

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15. D. Edward I (Rules England 1272-1307) 1. Forms first English Parliament (legislature) to raise tax money 2. Parliament consists of: House of Lords: Nobles and Church lords House of Commons: Knights and Townspeople - Grant taxes, discuss politics, pass laws

16. A. Philip Augustus (1180-1223) 1. Wages war against Britain and King John: Gains control of more territory, expands income and power of monarchy 2. Restores a centralized monarchy

17. B. Philip IV (1285-1314) 1. 3 branches of government - Council for Advice - Chamber of Accounts - Royal Court 2. Creates legislature - Estates General (1302): Little power

18.  Of the rulers that we have talked about over the last two days, which one do you think was most effective in establishing a strong, centralized monarchy in their country? Why?