1. Introduction: Thinking Like an Economist CHAPTER 8 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization One of the purest fallacies is that trade follows the flag. Trade follows the lowest price current. If a dealer in any colony wished to buy Union Jacks, he would order them from Britain’s worst foe if he could save a sixpence. — Andrew Carnegie Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-2 The Principle of Comparative Advantage  Opportunity cost is what must be given up in one good in order to get another good  The principle of comparative advantage is that as long as the relative opportunity costs of producing goods differ among countries, then there are potential gains from trade

3. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-3 Dividing Up the Gains from Trade 1.The more competition, the less the trader gets 2.Smaller countries get a larger proportion of the gain than larger countries 3.Countries producing goods with economies of scale get a larger gain from trade Three determinants of the terms of trade are:

4. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-4 Application: The Gains from Trade A trader, I.T., arranges for Saudi Arabia to trade 500 barrels of oil to the U.S. for 120 tons of food ProductionConsumption U.S.Saudi ArabiaU.S.Saudi ArabiaI.T. Oil (barrels)01,000120500380 Food (tons)1,0000500120380 The U.S. will trade 500 tons of food to Saudi Arabia for 120 barrels of oil I.T. keeps 380 barrels of oil and 380 tons of food 19-4

5. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-5 Why Economists and Laypeople Differ in Their Views of Trade  The gains of trade, lower prices, are harder to see than the cost, lost jobs  The public believes that lower wages in other countries give them the comparative advantage in everything, so we will lose all jobs If trade is good, why do so many people oppose it?  Laypeople often think of trade as trade only in manufactured goods  Laypeople are extremely concerned about the impact of trade on the distribution of income

6. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-6 Sources of U.S. Comparative Advantage  U.S. physical and technological infrastructure is the best in the world  Wealth from past production and borrowing allows the U.S. to be the world’s largest consumer  U.S. companies and individuals hold a large number of intellectual property rights  The U.S. has a relative open immigration policy

7. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-7 Some Concerns about the Future  Transferable comparative advantages are based on factors that can change relatively easily, such as capital, technology, and types of labor  Whether a country can maintain a much higher standard of living in the long run depends in part on whether its comparative advantage is inherent or transferable  Inherent comparative advantages are based on factors that are relatively unchangeable, such as resources and climate Inherent and transferable comparative advantage

8. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-8 Some Concerns about the Future  If factor prices aren’t equal, firms can reduce costs by redirecting production to countries with lower factor prices  The convergence hypothesis is the tendency of economic forces to eliminate transferable comparative advantage.  The law of one price means that in a competitive market, there will be pressure for equal factors to be priced equally The law of one price

9. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-9 Balance of Trade The United States has been running trade deficits since the 1970s 19-9

10. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-10 Some Concerns about the Future  Wages rise in the surplus countries, making their goods more expensive  The exchange rate of the deficit country falls and makes its goods less expensive  Adjustments eventually occur to make surplus countries less competitive and deficit countries more competitive Methods of equalizing trade balances

11. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-11 Determination of Exchange Rates and Trade  The exchange rate is the rate at which one country’s currency can be traded for another’s  People exchange currencies to buy goods or assets in other countries  The market for euros is in equilibrium when quantity supplied equals quantity demanded  To demand one currency, you must supply another  The supply curve of euros is upward-sloping  The demand curve for euros is downward-sloping Supply and Demand in Currency Markets

12. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-12 Determination of Exchange Rates and Trade  The exchange rate plays an important role in the demand for a country’s domestic goods  As the quantity supplied of tradable goods rises, suppliers have to charge higher prices  Exchange rate adjustments can bring comparative advantages into alignment, eliminating trade imbalances  Trade for an economy that faces global competition needs to take into account world supply Exchange Rates and Trade

13. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-13 Exchange Rate: Market for British Pounds Price is in Dollars; increase in demand for Pounds due to higher relative interest rates in UK will lead to appreciation of pounds

14. 1 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and Globalization 8 8-14 Determination of Exchange Rates and Trade The presence of the resource curse: the paradox that countries with an abundance of resources tend to have lower economic growth and more unemployment than countries with fewer natural resources The fact that demand for a country’s currency also reflects a demand for its assets Some Complications in Exchange Rates  Trade imbalances arise due to: