1. Chapter 5: The ‘Other’ Sensory Systems

2. Audition: Hearing 1. What is the stimulus in the auditory system? 2. Important characteristics of the auditory stimulus:  Frequency = pitch  Amplitude (decibels) = volume/ loudness of a sound

3. Anatomy of the Ear 1. Outer Ear  Pinna  Auditory canal 2. Middle Ear  The tympanic membrane  Bones: malleus, incus, & stapes 3. Inner Ear  Cochlea

4. Structures of the Ear

5. More about the Cochlea 1. The cochlea is fluid filled and is lined with the sensory cells for hearing 2. Down the center of the cochlea runs the Basilar membrane 3. The cells that actually ‘hear’ are called hair cells 4. The hair cells transfer their information to the cells of the auditory nerve

6. The Cochlea in Detail

7. Pitch perception in the Ear 1. Frequency Theory – says that the basilar membrane moves in synchrony with the frequency of a sound wave  What do you know about Action Potentials that would make this theory impossible?? 2. Place Theory – says that parts of the basilar membrane move like keys on an instrument, just the part of the membrane responsible for a given pitch moves

8. In Reality…  It turns out that we use a combination of place and frequency:  For tones less than 100 Hz, our APs can keep up with frequency theory  Hair cells at the base of the cochlea, near the oval window respond best to high frequency tones, while hair cells at the apex (middle) of the cochlea respond best to lower tones

9. Pitch Perception in the Brain 1. Auditory info undergoes cross-over – what does this mean? 2. The auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobes  Sound location  The cortex is tonotropic  Brain injury to this part of the brain does not result in total deafness

10. Problems with Hearing 1. Conductive Deafness 2. Nerve Deafness 3. Tinnitus

11. Taste 1. Taste is made up of 4 basic sensations: 1. Sweet 2. Salty 3. Bitter 4. Sour 2. Those bumps AREN’T buds! 3. Inside each bud are about 50-100 taste receptors. these receptors replace themselves every couple of weeks

12. The Tongue

13. Location of Taste on the tongue 1. Most taste buds are on the edges of the tongue 2. Different parts of the tongue are better at tasting different taste sensations 3. The taste receptors can send different messages to the brain based on prior exposure to certain chemicals

14. Taste Info in the Brain 1. Cranial nerves carry taste info from the tongue to the brain 2. Thalamus  Medulla  Limbic system  Insular cortex (frontal lobe) = primary taste cortex 3. The brain receives ipsalateral information from the tongue – what does that mean?

15. Olfaction: Smell 1. Olfaction, like taste, is a chemical sense 2. The olfactory membrane holds the receptor cells, the ends of which terminate the olfactory bulb 3. We don’t really know how receptor cells work 4. Smell is very closely related to memory – why might this be? Think location…

16. Vomeronasal Receptors 1. This is the organ through which animals sense pheromones 2. Pheromones are chemicals that have a distinct effect on other members of our species 3. Can humans sense pheromones? How do we know?  Totally gross research, that’s how.

17. Vestibular Sense  This is our sense of head position and balance  There are two important structures in the inner ear, next to the cochlea that make up the vestibular organ:  The semicircular canals  The otolith organs

18. Proprioception 1. This is our sense of our body’s position in the world 2. Proprioception happens because of special receptors in our joints You may have fooled the receptors before, if not try it with a friend 3. This information is combined with our vestibular sense to help us decide how to move our bodies in a given situation

19. Somatosensation 1. This is our sense of touch, body movement, and position of our limbs. 2. Touch includes:  Temperature  Pain  Pressure  Itch  Tickle 3. There are at least 7 kinds of touch receptors in your skin – I want you to know 2:  Pacinian Corpuscles  Meissner’s Corpuscles

20. How does Touch Info get to the Brain? 1. From the head up, touch info enters via the cranial nerves, from below the head via the spinal cord  The cord has distinct pathways for different kinds of touch information 2. Once in the brain, the info stops at the…, then heads to the somatosenory cortex in the…. (you guys know this!!)

21. Pain 1. There are different kinds of neurotransmitters for different kinds of pain  Glutamate  Substance P 2. Endogenous opiates (endorphins)

22. Gate-Control Theory of Pain 1. This theory says that the spinal cord actually makes ‘decisions’ about what pain information gets up to the brain 2. Endorphin release in the midbrain causes the brainstem to inhibit release of substance P

23. The blurred line between Somatosensory Sense and Chemical Sense 1. Our ability to detect painful heat can be evoked by application of a chemical called capsaicin 2. How can exposure to capsaicin actually make you feel less pain?

24. The Psychology of Pain 1. Circumstantial influence 1. Pain thresholds 2. Pain is ADAPTIVE

25. Pain Control  While we still don’t totally understand the mechanisms of pain sensation and perception, pain control is a huge area of research  Techniques range from physical intervention to psychological techniques

26. What the heck is an itch, anyhow? 1. An itch is a sensation on the skin created by histamine release 2. Pain and itch inhibit each other 3. Itch sensations are also adaptive

27. Sensory Interaction  This is the idea that the sensory organs can influence each other.  Can anyone give me an example?  The best example I can think of is the influence of…

28. Attention? 1. Why are we talking about attention in the sensory chapter and not in the consciousness chapter? 2. Does our brain activity change when we are attending to a given stimulus?

29. Selective Attention 1. Selective attention is our ability to focus on one thing and ignore pretty much everything else. Selective attention is what we ‘choose’ to attend to. 2. This is a very important, adaptive skill

30. Neglect 1. Neglect is the opposite of attention 2. Brain damage often causes a non-voluntary, specific neglect  Spatial neglect

31. Attention Deficit Disorder 1. People with ADD or ADHD exhibit high levels of distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor control of anger, etc. 2. Is this a true mental disorder or a social phenomenon?

32. Testing for ADD/ADHD 1. Choice-delay task 2. Stop Signal task 3. Attentional blink task

33. Brain Differences? 1. ADHD does run in families 2. May be a dopamine receptor problem 3. Smaller overall brains, with specific size differences in the right prefrontal cortex & cerebellum 4. Too much slow-wave activity

34. Treatments 1. Stimulant drugs are often prescribed 2. Brainwave biofeedback might help 3. There are behavioral techniques that can help: