1. Lesson 9Supporting Paragraphs Today’s class - a. group work - essay reading b. conclusion explanation c. class work - conclusion writing Homework finish final draft next week mid-term test

2. Group Work Exchange essays. Add simple edit marks. Read each essay. Give your impression. KEY ! = good structure, easy to understand ? = not clear, not easy to understand * = interesting information/idea/opinion paragraph level sentence level sentence/paragraph

3. It sums up your essay. How does it do this? What does a conclusion do? 1. gives a summary 2. uses a closing device 3. it is not too long Conclusion It creates the last impression. It makes the reader think about your essay.

4. There are a number of devices you can use to make your conclusion interesting for the reader. summary closing provocative question ( 刺激する質問 ) quotation use a vivid image call for some action end with a warning universalize Closing Device suggest results

5. summary Many times conclusions are simple re-statements of the thesis. Many times these conclusions are much like their introductions. The last thirty years of research on smoking has unmistakably proven that it is harmful, not only to those who smoke, but to those people who are exposed to smoke on a regular basis. The results of this research add to the growing call from many sectors of society for the total ban of smoking in public places in respect of public health.

6. question This method of concluding a paper is one step short of giving a logical conclusion. Rather than telling the conclusion to the reader, you can leave the reader with a question that causes him or her to make his own conclusions. Considering the research results and arguments presented in this paper, there is one question that needs to be answered: ‘Do smokers’ rights take precedent over the well-being of the majority?’

7. vivid image This is a good style for the writer when he/she is unable to come up with an answer or a clear decision about the essay theme. The arguments for and against euthanasia are both compelling and convincing. It seems that one is unable to answer the question of whether euthanasia should be legal or not, without having been put in a position where euthanasia is a real option. Therefore, this paper will leave you with this situation: If you knew that you would gradually lose the functions needed for daily independent life, gradually lose your memory and / or recognition of your loved ones, gradually become, financially and physically, dependent on your family, then would not euthanasia seem a suitable alternative.

8. call for action A good conclusion is when the writer suggests that the reader do something in the way of support for a cause or a plea for them to take action. This paper has clearly demonstrated the link between the rise in the earth’s temperature and the use of fossil fuels. It urges the reader to think of how they can help to reduce these harmful gases and help the struggling earth. Remember, ‘Think globally, act locally.’

9. warning This type of conclusion helps to focus the reader’s attention on the possible results if something is not done or changed. It is often used in argumentative and opinion essays. If the world continues to use fossil fuels in the manner that it has been doing for the last 100 years, then, as has been shown in this paper, there can only be one result: an acceleration of the greenhouse effect and the ensuing major agricultural and meteorological disasters. There is no more time for the earth; the time is now. If we do nothing to change our thirst for energy, then the earth as we know it will disappear.

10. universalize Some readers like to have the topic they are reading about linked/compared to an issue or topic they are familiar with. This technique helps to personalize the information for the reader. The loss of habitat, the encroachment of human settlements and the need for farming land has caused the extinction of numerous animals and birds throughout the world. The result has always been an earth poorer than before. This cannot go on. The destruction of the last remaining wild forests in Japan must be stopped, or we will be pass on to our children a quiet Japan; a Japan whose forests are devoid of native birds and their unique songs.

11. logical conclusion This is a good closing for argumentative or opinion papers that present two or more sides of an issue. The conclusion drawn as a result of the research is presented here in the final paragraphs. As one can see from reading the information presented, there are a number of educational and linguistic reasons for introducing English into the primary curriculum; an appreciation of other cultures, better retention rates, a more natural accent in the second language, and an ability to communicate to others. Nevertheless, this paper concurs with those researchers who believe that adding English to the curriculum will only lead to more confusion and misunderstandings in the teaching of English.

12. Task 7 A: vivid image B: action/quote C: universalize D: warning/consequence E: question F: logical conclusion G: summary

13. Homework 1. rewrite conclusion and other parts of your essay Final paper due next class. Typed, cover page, own title, name and student number Look at your notes 2. review for next week’s test 30 minutes 5 - 7 minutes planning 23 - 25 minutes writing 3. select 1 essay question from pages 45 - 47

14. Challenge Say the color of each word quickly. Move from left to right.