2. Carbon Cycle Two Major Processes: Cellular Respiration: O2 + Glucose  CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O  Glucose + O2

3. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a major component in protein and DNA Found in water as -ammonia (excreted by aquatic animals) -nitrites (formed by bacteria) -nitrates (formed by bacteria)

4. Water Cycle Precipitation- rain, sleet, snow Condensation- gas to liquid Evaporation- liquid to gas

5. The initial source of energy for all organisms is Our Sun Even the energy that Carnivores get from eating their prey can be traced back to a plant.

6. The shape of the pyramid implies there is “less” at the top. “Less” what and why is this necessary for success of the ecosystem? (Energy) Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of energy

7. Important Definitions Populations: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time organismsspecies interbreed Communities: composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area,organisms populationspeciesparticulararea Ecosystems: all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors)organismsbiotic factorsareaphysicalenvironmentabiotic factors Biomes: A major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climatic or environmental conditioncommunityorganismsenvironmentalcondition Biospheres: The part of the earth where living things exist.

8. Explain how each organism in a food web can be dependent on each other They depend on each other as food sources, protection from predators, etc.

9. Symbiosis Two species live closely together

10. Types of symbiosis Parasitism- One organism benefits the other is harmed. Mutualism- Both organisms benefit Commensalism- One benefits the other is unaffected.

11. 5 human activities that impact the ecosystem Burn fossil fuels Oil spills Deforestation Air pollution Water pollution Feed lots Pesticide use

12. AGAIN? This must be really important! Because of the 10% rule the population of the organisms at the top of the food chain is controlled by the number of organisms at the bottom.

13. Food Webs What is demonstrated by a food web? The feeding( trophic ) levels and the flow of energy through an ecosystem. Explain the impact that removal of a single species can have on the entire food web. Removing just one species can collapse a food web if it is the primary food source in a community with little biodiversity. If there is a lot of biodiversity then it will not have a large effect because the higher trophic levels will move to other food sources.

14. Approximately how much energy absorbed by one trophic level is passed on to the next? What happens to the remaining energy? Only 10% !!!!!!! The rest is excreted as waste or converted to heat through cellular respiration

15. Draw a diagram relating photosynthesis and cell respiration. Your diagram should demonstrate how and what atoms cycle through the system, how energy flows through the system and the cellular structures that perform each process. On a biological level, how do we extract energy from the food that we eat? Cellular Respiration

16. The interdependence of two or more organisms on each other is called __________symbiosis________________.

17. Which of the following is most likely to lead to an increase in the number of foxes over time? A. a decrease in owls B. an increase in hawks C. an increase in mountain lions D. a decrease in raspberry bushes

18. If many trees are removed from a forest, what is the most immediate effect on the carbon cycle in that forest? A.increased rates of decomposition B. decreased use of atmospheric CO2 C. decreased combustion of fossil fuels D. increased production of organic compounds