1. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Chapter 12 Section 3 Pages 300-306

2. I.RNA A. What Is It? 1. RIBO-NUCLEIC ACID - The “Middle-Man” between DNA (nucleus) & the ribosomes (cytoplasm). 2. Structure a. Ribose (Sugar) b. Single-stranded, not double. c. Thymine is replaced by URACIL. - Adenine binds with Uracil. d. RNA can be found inside and outside of the nucleus (DNA is always inside!)

3. II. What Codes For A Protein? A. The genetic code allows for almost an infinite amount of different proteins. B. Every 3 bases of DNA (or mRNA) is referred to as a CODON. - Each codon codes for 1 amino acid. Example: GCA codes for the amino acid Alanine.

4. C.Proteins are made outside the nucleus. Why? That is where they are needed the most! III.Types of RNA 1. mRNA (Messenger RNA) a. A copy of the information found in DNA. b. Carries instructions to the ribosomes on how to make a specific protein.

5. 2.rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) - make up ribosomes, which direct the synthesis of a protein. 3. tRNA (Transfer RNA) - carries amino acids to the ribosomes where they are connected to form proteins.

7. IV. STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS STEP 1: Transcription A. The process whereby mRNA is made from DNA. - Very similar to DNA Replication. - Occurs inside the Nucleus. 1. An enzyme (RNA Polymerase) binds to an area of DNA called a Promoter. - Where Transcription will start.

8. 2. RNA Polymerase unwinds & separates the DNA strand. - One half will be used as a template to make mRNA. 3. Complimentary “RNA” nucleotides match up with each DNA base. 4. A single strand of mRNA continues to grow until a “STOP” codon is reached.

9. Transcription in the nucleus

10. Transcription Animation http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcript ion.htmhttp://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcript ion.htm

11. STEP 2:Translation A. The process of converting the info. in mRNA into a protein. - Occurs within the cytoplasm on a ribosome. 1.mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to a ribosome, it will bind at AUG, which is the start codon for the amino acid methionine. 2. The ribosome moves along the mRNA and reads every three bases (codon).

12. 3.tRNA (compliment of mRNA) picks up specific amino acids from the cytoplasm and attaches to the mRNA strand. 4.The “anticodon” of tRNA temporarily attaches to its complimentary codon on mRNA and adds its amino acid. Amino acids are bonded with peptide bonds forming a polypeptide 5.This process continues until a “STOP” codon is reached. * When complete, a single protein has been produced.

13. Translation

14. Translation fill in

15. Translation Animation http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swfhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf

19. Mutations Pages 307-308

20. Ch. 12-4 Mutations Mutation – a change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information Two types: 1. Gene mutation 2. Chromosomal mutation

21. 1.Types of Mutations A. Point Mutations - A change in a single base pair. Example: Mrs. Cowley is cool! ATG TCA AAT CGA Mrs. Cowley is _______? ATG TCA AAT GGA

22. B.Frameshift Mutations - A mutation which causes an entire shift in the genetic message. Examples: ATG ACG GCA TTG TCT GGA Deletion: ATG AGG CAT TGT CTG GA_ ATG ACG GCA TTG TCT GGA Insertion: ATG ACT GGC ATT GTC TGG A - The entire protein sequence has been changed!

23. Gene Mutations

24. C. Chromosomal Mutations - Affects large sections of DNA rather than smaller sections. - Portions of a chromosome (s) can be added, deleted or reversed. Example: Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - Child has 47, instead of 46 chromosomes. * What are some characteristics of someone with Trisomy 21?

25. Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation