1. DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CHAPTERS 9 &10

2. Main Idea How are proteins made in our bodies?

3. WHAT MAKES UP DNA?DNA IT IS A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF CHEMICAL SUBUNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES

4. NUCLEOTIDES ARE COMPOSED OF THREE SUBUNITS A FIVE CARBON SUGAR A PHOSPHATE GROUP A NITROGEN- CONTAINING BASE

5. NITROGENOUS BASES THERE ARE FOUR NITROGENOUS BASES IN DNA ADENINE CYTOSINE THYMINE GUANINE

6. ADENINE AND GUANINE ARE PURINES THEY ARE MADE OF TWO RINGS OF NITROGEN AND CARBON ATOMS

7. THYMINE AND CYTOSINE ARE PYRIMIDINES THEY CONTAIN A SINGLE RING OF CARBON AND NITROGEN ATOMS

8. THE DNA HAS TWO MAIN SIDES THE SIDES ARE LIKE THE UPRIGHT PARTS OF A LADDER THE SIDES ARE MADE OF THE SUGAR AND THE PHOSPHATE GROUP (ACID)

9. THEY ALTERNATE ALONG THE SIDES THE RUNGS OF THE LADDER ARE MADE OF NITROGEN BASES THERE ARE WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN THE BASE PAIRS

10. CHARGAFF’S OBSERVATIONS THE AMOUNT OF ADENINE EQUALS THE AMOUNT OF THYMINE THE AMOUNT OF CYTOSINE EQUALS THE AMOUNT OF GUANINE THE AMOUNTS VARY AMONG ORGANISMS

11. DNA MODEL WATSON & CRICK USED THE INFORMATION FROM CHARGAFF AND THE PHOTOGRAPHS FROM WILKINS AND FRANKLIN AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMICAL BONDING TO COME UP WITH A MODEL

12. BASE-PAIRING RULES A PURINE ALWAYS PAIRS WITH A PYRIMIDINE THE STRICTNESS OF BASE PAIRING RULES PRODUCES COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRS

13. ADENINE BONDS WITH THYMINE CYTOSINE BONDS WITH GUANINE

15. THE ARRANGEMENT OF NUCLEOTIDES IS WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT

16. THE ORDER OF BASES MAKE UP THE GENETIC CODE A SINGLE HUMAN CELL CONTAINS 6.6 BILLION BASE PAIRS OF DNA THIS WOULD BE 600,000 PRINTED PAGES WITH 500 WORDS EACH

17. DNA REPLICATION DNA MUST MAKE AN IDENTICAL COPY OF ITSELF DURING REPLICATION

18. DNA HELICASES (ENZYME) BREAKS THE HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN THE NITROGEN BASES THE MOLECULE BEGINS TO UNWIND

19. ONCE STRANDS ARE SEPARATED, PROTEINS ATTACH TO EACH STRAND TO HOLD THEM APART AREAS WHERE THE DOUBLE HELIX SEPARATE ARE CALLED REPLICATION FORKS

20. DNA POLYMERASE (ENZYME) SWEEPS ALONG BONDING NEW NUCLEOTIDES TO EACH SIDE OF THE PARENT CHAIN

21. THE PROCESS CONTINUES UNTIL ALL DNA HAS BEEN COPIED TWO NEW IDENTICAL DNA MOLECULES ARE FORMED

23. DNA POLYMERASE “PROOF-READS” THE STRAND NUCLEOTIDES ARE ADDED AND INCORRECT ONES ARE CORRECTED

24. REPLICATION RATE EACH CHROMOSOME IS REPLICATED IN 100 SECTIONS WITH 100,000 NUCLEOTIDES WITH MULTIPLE REPLICATION FORKS, THIS TAKES ABOUT 8 HOURS IN A HUMAN

25. RNA A NUCLEIC ACID FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM COMPOSED OF A SINGLE CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES CONTAINS RIBOSE

26. CONTAINS URACIL INSTEAD OF THYMINE

27. TRANSCRIPTION THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING A PROTEIN ARE TRANSFERRED FROM A GENE TO AN RNA MOLECULE WE CALL THIS PROCESS TRANSCRIPTION

28. IT INVOLVES THE FORMATION OF RNA RNA POLYMERASE BONDS TO THE START SIGNAL OF DNA THE DOUBLE HELIX UNWINDS

29. RNA POLYMERASE ADDS AND LINKS COMPLEMENTARY NUCLEOTIDES TO THE DNA TEMPLATE WITH COVALENT BONDS RNA MATCHES UP UNTIL A STOP SIGNAL IS REACHED

30. THE SINGLE-STRANDED MOLECULE BREAKS AWAY FROM THE DNA CHAIN THE DOUBLE HELIX REFORMS

31. THE RNA FORMED IS CALLED MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) mRNA CODES FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION THE mRNA LEAVES THE NUCLEUS AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME

32. http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teac hing/genetics/animations/transcription.htmhttp://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teac hing/genetics/animations/transcription.htm

35. CODING FOR PROTEINS 3 BASES IN A ROW CODES FOR A PARTICULAR AMINO ACID (CODON) MORE THAN ONE SET OF CODES CAN REPRESENT AN AMINO ACID

36. THERE ARE STOP CODONS THAT DO NOT CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID THEY READ ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION THE CODE IS UNIVERSAL FROM ORGANISM TO ORGANISM

37. INTRONS ARE LONG SEGMENTS OF NUCLEOTIDES THAT HAVE NO CODING INFORMATION EXONS ARE THE PORTIONS OF THE GENES THAT ARE TRANSLATED INTO PROTEINS

38. AFTER TRANSCRIPTION, THE INTRONS ARE CUT OUT THE EXONS ARE STITCHED BACK TOGETHER AND TRANSLATED

39. THE GENETIC CODE IN 1961 MARSHALL NIRENBERG DECIPHERED THE CODE FOR PHENYLALANINE VARIOUS SCIENTISTS DECIPHERED THE REST OF THE CODE

41. TRANSLATION THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE RNA MOLECULE ARE READ AND AN AMINO ACID CHAIN (PROTEIN) IS PRODUCED

42. TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) TEMPORARILY CARRIES A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID PROTEINS ARE MADE OF CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS

43. AN ANTICODON IS A THREE-NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ON A tRNA THAT IS COMPLEMENTARY TO AN mRNA CODON RIBOSOMAL RNA MOLECULES AND PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOMES

44. THE CYTOPLASM CONTAINS THOUSANDS OF RIBOSOMES EACH RIBOSOME TEMPORARILY HOLDS ONE mRNA AND TWO tRNA MOLECULES

46. STEP 1 mRNA WITH THE START CODON “AUG” BINDS TO THE ANTICODON OF TRNA CONTAINING METHIONINE

47. STEP 2 THE tRNA WITH THE COMPLEMENTARY ANTICODON BONDS TO THE NEXT CODON.

48. STEP 3 ENZYMES FORM A PEPTIDE BOND BETWEEN THE ADJACENT AMINO ACIDS

49. STEP 4 THE MOLECULES THEN MOVE AS A UNIT AND THE NEW CODON RECEIVES THE NEXT TRNA AND ITS AMINO ACID STEP 5 THE AMINO ACID BONDS TO THE GROWING PROTEIN CHAIN

50. STEPS 2 THOUGH 5 CONTINUES UNTIL A “STOP” CODON IS REACHED “STOP”

53. MUTATIONS MUTATIONS ARE MISTAKES IN THE REPLICATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL DAUGHTER CELLS CONTAIN DIFFERENT MATERIAL FROM THAT OF ITS PARENT

54. GENE REARRANGEMENTS CAUSED WHEN AN ENTIRE GENE IS MOVED TO A NEW LOCATION

57. GENE ALTERATIONS USUALLY RESULT IN THE PLACEMENT OF THE WRONG AMINO ACID DURING PROTEIN ASSEMBLY

58. DELETION - A NUCLEOTIDE IS LEFT OUT ALTERING THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

59. INSERTION - AN EXTRA NUCLEOTIDE IS ADDED ALTERING THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

60. POINT MUTATION - ONE NUCLEOTIDE IS SUBSTITUTED FOR ANOTHER RESULTING IN ONE AMINO ACID CHANGE