1. RNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 13

2. DNA A book of instructions that tells each individual what proteins to make for their needs. The path from genes to proteins has two steps: 1.Transcription—reading the DNA codes 2.Translation—actually translating the codes and making the protein

3. RNA A single strand of nucleotides that codes for the protein needed.

4. Major differences between DNA and RNA: Single strand vs. double strand Sugar is ribose (has O 2 ) T is replaced with a U (uracil)

5. 3 Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) –carries the message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (codon-3 nucleotide sequence

6. 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the amino acids to the ribosomes to make the protein (anticodon- complementary to codon) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is part of the structure of ribosomes (where proteins are made)

7. Transcription In simple terms, when the DNA is read, a strand of RNA is created from it.

8. Translation That strand of RNA is then translated by enzymes and the appropriate amino acids are sequenced to create the protein.

10. Protein Synthesis Animation Protein Synthesis Animation #2

11. Mutations Any changes in the nucleotide sequence on a gene can result in a mutation. Some mutations are fatal or very harmful; others can actually benefit the organism (we will discuss this in upcoming chapters) but most have little to no effect at all.

12. Gene Mutations Mutations that affect a single gene –Point mutations: substitutions, insertions & deletions. –Usually occur during replication

13. Chromosomal Mutations Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. See figure 13-12 on page 374