1. The Enlightenment The Age of Reason

2. Section 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason Scientific Revolution changes minds of Europe (16 th to 17 th Centuries) Natural Laws: Laws that govern human nature Scientific Revolution  Enlightenment Use of Reason: solve social, political, economic problem

3. Two Views of the Social Contract Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Leaders of the Enlightenment

4. Hobbes Book called the LEVIATHAN People were naturally cruel, greedy, selfish Needs laws and be controlled State of nature = poor, short, brutal SOCIAL CONTRACT: Agreement that people give up state of nature for an organized society Powerful government= ordered society Absolute Monarchy

6. Locke Reasonable and moral NATURAL RIGHTS: rights that belonged to all humans from birth LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY Wrote the TWO TREATISES of GOVERNMENT Governments protect natural rights Gov’t with limited power, accepted by all Rejected absolute monarchs

7. Locke If a government fails to do what its supposed to or violates people’s natural rights, people may OVERTHROW government Right to Revolution Europe, Colonies

8. Separation of Powers France- center of Enlightenment Montesquieu: Anti-absolute monarchy Separate branches of government protect freedom Judicial (courts) Executive (Kings, Presidents, Prime Minister) Legislative (Congress, Parliament) Checks and Balances: each branch checks the power of the other

10. The Philosophes and Society Philosophes: Group of thinkers who used scientific method to understand society Lovers of wisdom Spreads across Europe VOLTAIRE: used wit as a weapon Battled inequality, injustice, superstitious Forced to leave France

11. The Encyclopedia Denis Diderot: Produced the 1 st encyclopedia Gathered human knowledge Change way of people think Spread Enlightenment ideas

12. Rousseau Corruption because of evils of society, unequal distribution of wealth THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: Society had too many limitations on people’s behaviors Some control necessary, but limited THE GENERAL WILL = Good of community Focus on the whole not the individual

14. Women and the Enlightenment “Free and Equal” Women had natural rights in home and family Mary Wollstonecraft: Argued women were excluded from social contract Called for equal rights for men and women

15. New Economic Thinking Reject mercantilism (limit in resources, gather them for the mother country) No balance of trade Laissez Faire: Government hands off of business Free trade and no tariffs

16. Adam Smith Wrote the Wealth of Nations Free market Idea of supply and demand

17. Section 2 Enlightenment Ideas Spread Enlightenment spread all over society Question divine right and absolutism

18. Censorship Government and Church try to defend old order Censorship: restrict ideas and information Voltaire’s CANDIDE: Best of all possible worlds and expose corruption and hypocracy

19. Salons SALONS: informal social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas.

20. Enlightened Despots Philosophes tried to convince rulers to adopt their ideas Those who did were called ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS (absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change) Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great Reformed laws and helped their people

21. Arts and Literature Baroque Paintings: Huge, colorful, exciting Rococo: Personal, elegant, charming Rembrandt: painted ordinary people doing ordinary things

24. Baroque

25. Rococo

27. Rembrandt

28. Music Ballets and Opera Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

29. The Novel Robinson Crusoe Treasure Island People wanted to be taken away from their everyday lives

30. Lives of the Majority Most were still peasants and poor living in small villages and towns Serfdom 1800’s: war and political upheaval, economic conditions would lead to changes in Europe

31. Section 3 Britain at Mid-Century Rise to global power Global empire: India, West Indies, North America (13 colonies, Canada) Controlled trade Success in War: French and Indian War No standing army, large navy though

32. Union with Scotland Merged with Scotland to form United Kingdom of Great Britain Tried to unite with Ireland but there were uprisings (even to this day)

33. Growth of Constitutional Government Political Parties: Groups promoting certain ideas Cabinet: group of advisors to Prime Minister Prime Minister: Leader of the country, no longer the king CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT: government whose power is defined and limited by law

34. Political Parties Tories and Whigs Tories: aristocrats who wanted to keep old ways Whigs: supported ideas of the Glorious Revolution

35. The Cabinet System Called a cabinet because they met in a small room or “cabinet” Advisors who helped with policy Adopted by other countries Leaders of the majority party in the House of Commons

36. The Prime Minister Heading the Cabinet Leader of the majority party in Parliament

37. Politics and Society British government not a democracy but an oligarchy (ruling powers belong to a few people)

38. King George III 1760: George III starts his 60 year rule Dissolve cabinet system Life as king didn’t start well Thirteen Colonies (America) gain independence (American Revolution) Bouts of mental illness Cabinet Rule restored

39. Section 4 Birth of the American Republic Thirteen Colonies: East Coast of North America (United States) Part of British Empire but a sense that they were meant to be separate of England (destiny)

40. Growing Discontent Relationship between England and 13 colonies worsens French and Indian War (7 years war) drained British of $$$ Laws and taxes hit the colonies “No taxation without representation”

41. Early Clashes Boston Massacre: 5 colonists killed by British soldiers Boston Tea Party: Colonists threw British tea in Boston Harbor Continental Congress meets to decide what the colonies will do

42. The Boston Massacre

43. Boston Tea Party

44. Declaring Independence Lexington: start of American Revolution 2 nd Continental Congress votes to declare independence from England (July 4 th, 1776) Written by Thomas Jefferson Popular Sovereignty: government power comes from the people

47. The American Revolution Best military in the worlds vs Colonists 1/3 of Colonists still loyal to England (LOYALISTS) France joins Colonists after victory at Saratoga Battle of Yorktown: 1781, British surrender and at Treaty of Paris, United States of America is recognized

48. A New Constitution Men who wrote Constitution used the ideas of the Enlightenment (Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau) Government is a social contract Federal republic: power divided between national government and the states 3 branches of government (judicial, legislative, and executive) The Bill of Rights: 10 amendments and basic rights to citizens Freedom of religion, speech, and the press

49. Looking Ahead Not everyone given same rights (white men with property could vote) Enlightenment ideas spread United State an example that you can topple a great power Cry for freedom from tyranny and an end to Absolute Monarchs