1. Degree Adverbs The Conjunctions sore ni and demo Creating Modifiers Using a Noun and the Particle no Using the Numbers 1 to 10 Reading Telephone Numbers Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20121 Class Session 6b Chapter 4

2. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20122 Degree Adverbs Degree adverbs are used to express the degree of some property described by adjectives. Some degree adverbs (totemo, very much, māmā, more or less, and chotto, a little bit) must be used with an affirmative form adjective: eigo no tesuto wa totemo muzukashii desu. English tests are very hard yamada-san wa maamaa yasashii desu. Ms. Yamada is relatively kind. tanaka-san wa chotto ijiwaru desu. Mr. Tanaka is a little bit nasty.

3. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20123 Degree Adverbs (Continued) amari ([not] very much) and zenzen ([not] at all) must be used with an adjective in the negative form, regardless of whether the adjective represents a favorable or unfavorable property: eigo no tesuto wa amari muzukashiku arimasen. English tests are not very hard. sūgaku no tesuto wa amari kantan ja arimasen. Math testss are not very easy. chichi wa zenzen kibishiku arimasen. My father is not strict at all.

4. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20124 The Conjunctions sore ni and demo Conjunctions are used to connect sentences (as in mentioning properties of an item in separate sentences). If you are mentioning an additional property, use sore ni (furthermore, in addition): ano heya mo totemo akarui desu. sore ni, māmā hiroi desu. That room is very bright. Furthermore, it is relatively spacious. If you are mentioning a conflicting or contrasting property, use demo (but): kono heya wa māmā hiroi desu. demo, amari akaruku arimasen. This room is relatively spacious. But it is not very bright.

5. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20125 Creating Modifiers Using a Noun and the Particle no We saw in Chapter 3 that the particle no can be used to form the possessive (…’s) as in maiku-san no hon (Mike’s book) or to show relative location as in (ginkō no tonari) (next to the bank) The particle no can also be used to create many additional modifiers from nouns (the third category of adjectives) Examples: nihon no hona Japanese book nihon-go no hona Japanese (language) book nihon-go no gakuseia Japanese language student nihon-jin no gakuseia Japanese student Multiple no particles can be used in modifiers: nihon no daigaku no sūgaku no gakusei a student of mathematics at (of) a Japanese university The ultimate item being modified must be place at the very end of the phrase

6. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20126 Using the Numbers 1 to 10 Counting from 1 to 10 in Japanese (system borrowed from Chinese): ichi ni san shi (yon) (yo) go roku shichi (nana) hachi ku (kyū) jū The number 4 is considered to be an unlucky number because one of its pronunciations (shi) is also the pronuciation of shi ( 死 ) death

7. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-20127 Reading Telephone Numbers (yon, nana, ku) (p66) There are some inconsistencies in pronouncing numbers in Japanese When reading a telephone number, some numbers are pronounced as follows: 4yon (rather than shi) 7nana (rather than shichi) 9kyū (rather than ku) The number 0 is pronounced as either zero or rei When naming months: April is shigatsu (the fourth month) When telling time, 4 is yo (as in yo-ji, 4 o’clock)