1. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 1 Seminar 2

2. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 2 Unit 2: The Crime Picture and Criminal Law Read Chapters 2 and 4 View the PowerPoints Attend the Seminar or Submit the Alternate Assignment (graded) Contribute to the Discussion Board (graded) Complete Quiz (graded)

3. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 3 The Crimina l Justice Funnel

4. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 4 The Value of Data Data are valuable and can be used to  Shape public policy  Analyze and evaluate existing programs  Create new programs  Plan new laws  Develop funding requests

5. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 5 Sources of Data  Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)  National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)  Offender self-reports  Other regular publications  Example: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics

6. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 6 Uniform Crime Reports

7. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 7 Uniform Crime Reports  Established by t he FBI in 1930.  Approximately 16,000 police agencies voluntarily provide data.  Only crimes known to the police are included.  Most information reported as rates of crime.  The UCR contains the Crime Index.  Uses the hierarchy rule.

8. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 8 UCR: Crime Index The Index is made up of Part I Offenses (excluding arson). Part I Offenses Violent Crime murder, rape, robbery, assault Property Crime burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

9. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 9 The FBI Crime Clock

10. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 10 Crimes Cleared by Arrest, 2005

11. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 11 Major Crimes Known to the Police, 2005 OFFENSENUMBERRATE PER 100,000 CLEARANCE RATE Personal/Violent Crimes Murder16,6925.662.1% Forcible Rape93,93432.241.3% Robbery417,222150.825.4% Aggravated Assault862,947291.155.2% Property Crimes Burglary2,154,126750.212.7% Larceny/Theft6,776,8072,286.318.0% Motor Vehicle Theft1,235,226416.713.0% Arson67,50426.917.9% U.S. Total11,207,2363,899.0

12. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 12 Major Crimes UCR Classifications of Part I Offenses

13. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 13 NIBRS: The New UCR National Incident Based Reporting System Incident driven, rather than summary based  FBI started this program in 1989.  Goals: to enhance and improve crime data collection, analysis, and publication.

14. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 14 NIBRS National Incident Based Reporting System  Includes nature of the disposition of the complaint  Replaces the old Part I and Part II offenses with 22 general offenses.

15. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 15 NIBRS 22 offenses include:  kidnapping  larceny  motor vehicle theft  pornography  prostitution  narcotics offenses  embezzlement  extortion  arson  assault  bribery  burglary  counterfeiting  vandalism  gambling  homicide  fraud  weapons violations  robbery  forcible sex offenses  non-forcible sex offenses  receiving stolen property

16. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 16 NIBRS Also collects data on:  bad checks  vagrancy  disorderly conduct  driving under the influence  drunkenness  non-violent family offenses  liquor law violations  “peeping Tom” activities  runaways  trespassing  general category of all “other” criminal law violations

17. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 17 Differences Between the UCR and NIBRS UCRNIBRS Consists of monthly aggregate crime counts for eight index crimes Consists of individual incident records for the eight index crimes and 38 other offenses, with details on offense, victim, offender, and property involved Records one offense per incident, as determined by the hierarchy rule Records each offense occurring in an incident Does not distinguish between attempted and completed crimes Distinguishes between attempted and completed crimes Records rape of females onlyRecords rapes of males and females Collects assault information in five categories Restructures definition of assault Collects weapon information for murder, robbery, and aggravated assault Collects weapon information for all violent offenses Provides counts on arrests for the eight index crimes and 21 other offenses Provides details on arrests for the eight index crimes and 49 other offenses

18. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 18 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)  Began operation in 1972  Based on victim self-reports from people 12 years of age or older  Uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics  Work with a sample of more than 134,000 people from 77,200 households  Designed to measure the “dark figure” of crime

19. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 19 Dark Figure of Crime dark figure crimes known to the police all crime

20. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 20 NCVS Includes data on: Robbery  Assault  Burglary  Personal and household larceny  Motor vehicle theft  Rape

21. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 21 NCVS Statistics Reveal  2005—crime rates at lowest level in years  14% of all households are touched by crime  23 million victimizations each year  About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported.  About 40% of all property crime is reported.  Victims are more likely:  Men  Younger people  African American  City residents  Lower income (for violent victimization)

22. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 22 NCVS Household crime rates are highest for households:  Headed by younger people  Headed by African-Americans  With six or more members  Headed by renters  Located in central cities

23. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 23 Comparison of UCR and NCVS Data, 2005 OFFENSEUCRNCVS Personal/Violent Crimes Homicide16,692---- Forcible rape93,934191,670 Robbery417,222624,850 Aggravated Assault862,9471,052,260 Property Crimes Burglary2,154,1263,456,220 Larceny6,776,80713,605,590 Motor vehicle theft1,235,226978,120 Arson67,504---- Total11,207,23623,440,720

24. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 24 Problems with the UCR and the NCVS UCR Not everyone reports Some crimes are rarely reported Victims inaccuracies Bureaucratic influences Hierarchical counting system Contains only data that FBI thinks is appropriate NCVS There is potential for false or exaggerated reports False reports may be generated by overzealous interviewers Some people won’t respond Respondents may suffer from faulty memories Respondents may misinterpret events Hierarchical counting system Contains only data that BJS thinks is appropriate

25. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 25 General Categories of Crimes There are many different types of crimes, which vary in severity. Five categories of violations are: 1. Felonies 2. Misdemeanors 3. Offenses (infractions) 4. Treason and espionage 5. Inchoate offenses

26. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 26 Felonies Felonies are serious crimes that are punishable by a year or more in prison or by death.  Convicted felons may lose certain privileges.  States vary with regard to which crimes are considered felonies.  Many states and the federal government use a number or letter scheme to differentiate among the varying degrees of severity of felony crimes.

27. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 27 Misdemeanor Misdemeanors are less serious crimes that are punishable by up to a year in a local correctional facility.  Most misdemeanants receive a fine and probation.

28. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 28 Offenses Offenses are violations of the criminal law.  Technically, all crimes are offenses, but the term “offense” is also used specifically to refer to minor violations of the law that are less serious than misdemeanors.  Another word for such minor law violations is infraction.  People committing infractions are usually given a ticket and released until court.

29. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 29 Treason and Espionage Treason and espionage are among the most serious felonies.  Treason refers to a U.S. citizen’s action to help a foreign government overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the United States.  Espionage is similar, but can be committed by non-citizens as well. It refers to gathering, transmitting, or losing information relating to national defense in such a manner that the information becomes available to enemies of the United States and may be used to their advantage.

30. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 30 Inchoate Offenses Inchoate offenses are offenses not yet completed.  Consists of an action or conduct that is a step toward the intended commission of another offense.  Examples: conspiracy, solicitation and attempt

31. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 31 General Features of Crime The essence of crime consists of three elements: 1. Actus reus (the criminal act) 2. Mens rea (a culpable mental state) 3. Concurrence of the two

32. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 32 Congratulations for completing your first week! Unit 3: The Police: Purpose and Organization: Read Chapters 5 and 6 View the PowerPoints Attend the Seminar or Submit the Alternate Assignment (graded) Contribute to the Discussion Board (graded) Complete Quiz (graded) Begin Unit 3 PowerPoint Project (graded)

33. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 33 Questions? Comments?

34. © Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 34 Good night class AIM (rhumber366) Can also reach me at rhumber@kaplan.edu rhumber@kaplan.edu or 334-269-6729