1. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger The Crime Picture Chapter 2 Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

2. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] The Collection of Crime Data FIGURE 2–1 The criminal justice funnel. Source: Derived from Tracey Kyckelhahn and Thomas H. Cohen, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2004 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008).

3. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] The Value of Data Data are valuable and can be used to –Shape public policy –Analyze and evaluate existing programs –Create new programs –Plan new laws –Develop funding requests

4. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Sources of Data Nationally, crime statistics come from two major sources: –Uniform Crime Reports (also known as the UCR/NIBRS Program) –National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Additionally, data are available from: –Professional organizations (example: PERF) –Offender self-reports –Other regular publications (example: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics)

5. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Uniform Crime Reports The reports began in 1930. Data are collected by F.B.I. Approximately 16,000 police agencies provide data. Only crimes known to the police are included. Law enforcement agencies submit reports voluntarily. Until 2006, the UCR presented data in a Crime Index.

6. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] UCR: Crime Index The Index is made up of Part I Offenses (excluding arson). Part I Offenses Violent Crime –murder, rape, robbery, assault Property Crime –burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

7. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] NIBRS: The New UCR National Incident Based Reporting System Incident driven, rather than summary based –FBI started this program in 1988. –City, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies furnish detailed data on crime and arrest activities at the incident level. –The NIBRS isn’t a separate report; it’s the new methodology underlying the modern- day UCR system

8. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] NIBRS The new UCR/NIBRS is much more detailed than the old UCR system, including data on: –place of occurrence –weapon used –type and value of property damaged or stolen –the personal characteristics of the victim and offender –nature of victim-offender relationship –case disposition It also replaced the old Part I and Part II offenses with 22 general offenses

9. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] UCR/NIBRS 22 offenses include: kidnapping larceny motor vehicle theft pornography prostitution narcotics offenses embezzlement extortion arson assault bribery Burglary Counterfeiting Vandalism Gambling Homicide Fraud weapons violations Robbery forcible sex offenses non-forcible sex offenses receiving stolen property

10. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] UCR/NIBRS Also collects data on: –bad checks –vagrancy –disorderly conduct –driving under the influence –drunkenness –non-violent family offenses –liquor law violations –“peeping Tom”activities –runaways –trespassing –general category of all “other” criminal law violations

11. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] UCR/NIBRS: Crime Rates Most UCR/NCVS information is reported as a rate of crime. –Crime Rate = number of crimes/100,000 population Rates allow for comparison across areas and times.

12. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Major Shifts in Crime Rates Since the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program began, there have been three major shifts in crime rates—and we may now be at the start of the fourth.

13. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Major Shifts in Crime Rates 1.Early 1940s—Sharp drop in crime rate as many young men went to WWII. 2.1960s-early 1990s—Dramatic increase in crime rates as police professionalism and victim reporting grew. 3.1991-2006—Significant decline in most major crime rates as funding for crime fighting increase and many embrace a “get tough” attitude. 4.2006-on—Violent crime rates starting to rise again pushed by economic uncertainty, more teens, copycat crimes, and social disorganization.

14. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] The Transition Reports of crime data available through the UCR/NIBRS program are now going through a transitional phase, as the FBI integrates more NIBRS-based data into its official summaries.

15. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] UCR/NIBRS: Clearance Rates Clearances are based on arrests, not judicial dispositions. number of crimes solved number of crimes committed Clearance Rate =

16. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Murder …the unlawful killing of a human being by another. Includes: All willful and unlawful homicides Nonnegligent manslaughter Excludes: Suicides Deaths caused by accidents or negligence Attempted murders

17. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Data on Murder Least likely Part I offense to occur High clearance rate Murders are more common during warmer months and in southern states Most victims and perpetrators are age 20–24 Weapon most often used: firearms Victim and offender are often “acquaintances”

18. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Murder: Multiple Killings Spree—two or more people, killed on more than one occasion. Mass—three or more people, killed in a single event. Serial—several victims killed in three or more separate events and over time.

19. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Forcible Rape …the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Includes: Assault or attempt to commit rape by force or threat of force Excludes: Assault if victim is male Statutory rape (without force) Same-sex rapes Other sex offenses

20. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Forcible Rape: One of the most underreported violent crimes Many victims do NOT report because they: –Think the police won’t be able to catch the suspect. –Believe that the police will be unsympathetic. –Want to avoid the embarrassment of publicity. –Fear reprisal by the rapist. –Fear additional “victimization” by court proceedings. –Want to keep family/friends from knowing.

21. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Forcible Rape Most rapes are committed by acquaintances of victim, as in the case of date rape. Most rapists appear to be motivated by the need to feel powerful. Use of the “date rape drug” Rohypnol is rising.

22. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Robbery …the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. Excludes: –Pick pocketing –Purse snatching

23. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Aggravated Assault …unlawful inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another. Includes: –Attempted assaults, especially when a deadly weapon is used –The possible use of a gun, knife, or other weapon that could result in serious injury Excludes: –Simple assaults

24. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Burglary …unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. Types of burglaries: –Forcible entry –Unlawful entry without force –Attempted forcible entry

25. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Larceny–theft …unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another. –Motor vehicles thefts are excluded. Includes (in declining order of frequency): –Theft from motor vehicles –Shoplifting –Theft from buildings

26. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Larceny–theft Theft of motor vehicle parts and accessories –Bicycle thefts –Theft from coin-operated machines –Purse snatching –Pocket picking Is the most frequently reported crime (yet still greatly underreported).

27. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Motor Vehicle Theft …the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A “motor vehicle” is a self- propelled vehicle that runs on land and not on rails.

28. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Motor Vehicle Theft Includes –automobiles –motorcycles –motor scooters –trucks –buses –snowmobiles Excludes –trains –airplanes –bulldozers –most farm equipment –ships –boats –spacecraft

29. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Motor Vehicle Theft Carjacking...the taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by force –Legally, carjacking is a type of robbery, not a motor vehicle theft. –It accounts for just over 1% of all car thefts.

30. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Arson …the burning or attempted burning of property, with or without the intent to defraud. …does not include fires of unknown or suspicious origins …became a Part I offense in 1979

31. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Characteristics of Arson Most common type of arson is the burning of structures, followed by the burning of vehicles –Low clearance rate—18.7% –Average loss per offense—$17,289

32. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Part II Offenses Part II offenses are less serious than Part I Offenses and include many social order Offenses, such as: Simple assault Driving under the influence Prostitution Vandalism Receiving stolen property Fraud Embezzlement

33. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] NCVS National Crime Victimization Survey – Began operation in 1972 – Based on victim self-reports Designed to measure the “dark figure” of crime Uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics More than 43,000 households are surveyed twice per year Measures “households” touched by crimes

34. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] NCVS Includes data on: –Rape –Robbery –Assault –Burglary –Personal and household larceny –Motor vehicle theft

35. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] NCVS Statistics Reveal About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported. Slightly more than 1/3 of all property crime is reported. Victims are more likely: –Men –Younger people –African American –City residents –Lower income (for violent victimization)

36. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] NCVS Household crime rates are highest for households: –Headed by African-Americans –Headed by younger people –With six or more members –Headed by renters –Located in central cities

37. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Problems with the UCR/NIBRS and the NCVS UCR/NIBRS Not everyone reports Some crimes are rarely reported Victims inaccuracies Bureaucratic influences Hierarchical counting system Contains only data that FBI thinks is appropriate NCVS There is potential for false or exaggerated reports False reports may be generated by overzealous interviewers Some people won’t respond Respondents may suffer from faulty memories Respondents may misinterpret events Hierarchical counting system Contains only data that BJS thinks is appropriate

38. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Crime Typology A classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders.

39. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Special Categories of Crime Crime against women Crime against the elderly Hate crime Corporate and white-collar crime Organized crime Gun crime Drug crime High-technology and computer crime Terrorism

40. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Women and Crime Compared to men, women are: –Less likely to be victimized in every major personal crime other than rape. –More likely than men to be injured as a result of crime. –More likely to make lifestyle modifications because of threat of crime.

41. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Findings of the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) 52% of women surveyed have been physically assaulted as a child or as an adult. Approximately 1.9 million women are physically assaulted in the U.S. each year. 25% of women, compared to 8% of men surveyed, said they had experienced partner violence.

42. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Findings of the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) 18% of women have experienced a completed or attempted rape; more than half of these were under 18 when first raped. Women are significantly more likely to be injured during an assault. Violence against women is primarily partner violence. 8% of women have been stalked.

43. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Seeks to eliminate violence against women. Act extends the Rape Shield Law to civil cases and to all criminal cases.

44. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Provided federal funding to: 1.Educate police, prosecutors, and judges about special needs of female victims. 2.Provide specialized services for female victims of crime. 3.Fund battered women's shelters. 4.Support rape education.

45. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Anti-Stalking Laws All states have anti-stalking laws, which give additional protection to women. –80% of stalking victims are women. Cyberstalking involves using the internet, email, or other electronic communication technologies to stalk another person.

46. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Elderly Crime Victims The elderly generally experience the lowest rate of victimization— both violent and property—of any age group.

47. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Elderly Crime Victims Elderly victims are more likely than younger victims to: –Be victims of property crime than of violent crime. –Face offenders who are armed with guns. –Be victimized by strangers.

48. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Elderly Crime Victims –Be victimized in or near their homes during daylight hours. –Report their victimization to the police. –Be physically injured. –Be less likely to try to protect themselves during victimization.

49. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Hate Crimes Hate crimes are motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals. –Most consist of intimidation, but they may also include vandalism, simple and aggravated assault, and murder. –Most are motivated by racial bias.

50. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Corporate Crime Identification doctrine –Corporations can be treated as separate legal entities and convicted of violations of the criminal law Corporate criminals are called white-collar criminals.

51. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Created tough provisions to deter and punish corporate and accounting fraud and corruption and to protect the interests of workers and shareholders.

52. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Organized Crime Transnational organized crime –The unlawful activities of organized groups that operate across national boundaries

53. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Guns, Crime, and Gun Control Each year, approximately 1 million serious crimes involve the use of a handgun. In a typical year, there are 10,000 murders in the United States using firearms.

54. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1994) Prior to purchasing a handgun, there will be a –5-day waiting period –Instant criminal background check Licensed importers, manufacturers, and dealers are required to: –Check photo ID –Submit purchaser’s application –Acquire a unique identification number authorizing the purchase

55. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Brady Law Impact Most offenders obtain weapons from friend or family or “on the street.” Some applicants try to circumvent Brady Law by using fake identification. Problems may lead to ballistic fingerprinting.

56. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Drug Crime The rate of drug related crime has more than doubled since 1975. Federal drug prosecutions increased from 11,854 in 1984 to nearly 30,000 in 2002. Studies link drug abuse to other serious crimes.

57. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Cybercrime Cybercrime—any crime perpetrated through the use of computer technology. Also, any violation of a federal or state computer crime statute.

58. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21st Century Frank Schamalleger Copyright ©2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Terrorism To assist in the developing protection of U.S. infrastructure, The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security and made its director a Cabinet member.