1. Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP crash-course-bio ATP

2. RESPIRATION 1

3. All living cells are made up of chemical substances The processes of living involve reactions between the substances A reaction is an event which produces a change in a substance For example, a reaction between carbon and oxygen (such as burning coal in air) changes the carbon in the coal, and oxygen in the air into carbon dioxide 3 This reaction can be represented by the equation C + O 2 CO 2 carbonoxygencarbon dioxide

4. C o o an atom of carbon c a molecule of oxygen O 2 combine to form a molecule of carbon dioxide CO 2 plus 4

5. Metabolizing Molecules Metabolism – all the chemical reactions occuring in your cells at one time

6. Two types of chemical reactions can occur as an organism metabolizes molecules: Two types of chemical reactions can occur as an organism metabolizes molecules: Anabolic reactions - this type of reaction builds molecules (specifically, small molecules are combined into large molecules for repair, growth or storage). Anabolic reactions - this type of reaction builds molecules (specifically, small molecules are combined into large molecules for repair, growth or storage). Catabolic reactions – this type of reaction breaks down molecules to release their stored energy Catabolic reactions – this type of reaction breaks down molecules to release their stored energy

7. W What do you use to get yourself out of bed in the morning? ENERGY

8. Where do our cells get energy? 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for cell 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for cell What type of macromolecule are 6-C sugars? What type of macromolecule are 6-C sugars? Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP “ energy ” Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP “ energy ”

9. What is a molecule of energy? What is a molecule of energy? ATP ATP So, did you eat ATP last night? So, did you eat ATP last night? Or did you eat pizza? Or did you eat pizza? Food you eat must be broken down into carbs (sugar), protein, and lipids (fat). Food you eat must be broken down into carbs (sugar), protein, and lipids (fat).

10. Setting the stage… Eat! Eat! Amylase breaks down starch glucose Amylase breaks down starch glucose Digestion Digestion Circulation Circulation Into cells (facilitated diffusion) Into cells (facilitated diffusion) Phytosynthesis is done by autotrophs to convert solar energy into chemical energy. Cellular respiration is the process of converting chemical energy to ATP. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  ATP + 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O At first glance it may appear as if phytosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse process But they occur in different organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and the chemical reactions are very different.

11. Transferring Energy with ATP Cells transfer energy between anabolic and catabolic reactions by using an energy middleman -ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Cells transfer energy between anabolic and catabolic reactions by using an energy middleman -ATP (adenosine triphosphate) When ATP supplies energy to a process, one of its phosphates gets transferred to another molecule, changing it into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). When ATP supplies energy to a process, one of its phosphates gets transferred to another molecule, changing it into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Cells can recreate ATP by using a catabolic reaction to reacttach a phosphate group to ADP. Cells can recreate ATP by using a catabolic reaction to reacttach a phosphate group to ADP.

12. Chemical Structure of ATP 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar Adenine Base

13. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

15. Define Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is a process where oxygen is used to break down organic compounds (sugars) to produce ATP (energy). Cellular respiration is a process where oxygen is used to break down organic compounds (sugars) to produce ATP (energy).

16. 7 One of the energy-producing reactions is called respiration (Respiration is not the same thing as breathing) The chemical reactions of respiration take place in all living cells The reaction takes place between oxygen and a substance which contains carbon. The reaction produces carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy

17. The carbon-containing substances come from FOOD The oxygen comes from the AIR (or water) The energy is used to drive other chemical reactions taking place in cells One example of this is the release of energy in muscle cells to make them contract and produce movement 8

18. Respiration supplies the energy for muscle contraction germination cell division chemical changes in cells Some examples of the use of energy in organisms 10

19. The blood stream brings food and oxygen to the muscle cells. Respiration occurs in the cells and releases energy which …… shoulder blade upper arm bone lower arm bones Energy use in muscle contraction 11

20. 12 …….makes the muscle contract and pull the lower arm up

21. Glucose and oxygen react to produce energy for muscle contraction 4 RESPIRATION 5 Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs by the blood 15 One example of respiration in ourselves 1. Air taken in 1.Food taken in 2. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air 2.The stomach and intestine digest food. One of the products is glucose 3.The blood stream carries glucose and oxygen to the muscles

22. Where does cellular respiration occur? In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells. In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.

23. Mitochondria matrix The matrix where 3- carbon pieces that came from carbohydrates are broken down to (CO 2 and water) cristae The cristae is where ATP is made

24. Mini Lab 1. Open and close your hand as many times as possible for 30 seconds. Have your partner time and record the results…QUICKLY! After only a 5 second break repeat this step for a total of 5 trials. 1. Open and close your hand as many times as possible for 30 seconds. Have your partner time and record the results…QUICKLY! After only a 5 second break repeat this step for a total of 5 trials. 2. After you have completed the 5 trials. Switch jobs with your partner, and record your partner’s 5 trials. 2. After you have completed the 5 trials. Switch jobs with your partner, and record your partner’s 5 trials. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Name Name

25. Observations: How did your hand feel after the 1st trial? How did your hand feel after the 1st trial? 3rd trial? 3rd trial? 5th trial? 5th trial? How did the amount of times you could open and close your hand change from the 1 st trial to the 5 th trial? How did the amount of times you could open and close your hand change from the 1 st trial to the 5 th trial?

26. Analysis: Can you think of a time where your body got tired from working hard? Give an example. Can you think of a time where your body got tired from working hard? Give an example. Why do you think your hand began feeling this way? Why do you think your hand began feeling this way? Why do you think your muscles get sore after a hard work out? Why do you think your muscles get sore after a hard work out?

27. Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy The Stages of Cellular Respiration- Cellular respiration has two main stages: Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen). A large amount of ATP is made during aerobic respiration.

28. Flowchart Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) + ATP Cellular Respiration

29. THE BIG PICTURE Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Aerobic Anaerobic Krebs Electron Transport Chain Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation ATP

30. Key Terms: Aerobic – occurs with oxygen Aerobic – occurs with oxygen Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen

31. Cellular Respiration (3-stages when oxygen is present) Glycolysis Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

32. A little help with some important terms we will need: Enzymes are proteins BUT many need a nonprotein partner in order to do their job. Enzymes are proteins BUT many need a nonprotein partner in order to do their job. Inorganic partners such as iron, potassium, magnesium and zinc are called cofactors. Inorganic partners such as iron, potassium, magnesium and zinc are called cofactors. Organic partners are called coenzymes. They are small molecules that can separate from the protein and participate directly in the chemical reaction. Examples of coenzymes include many derivatives of vitamins. Organic partners are called coenzymes. They are small molecules that can separate from the protein and participate directly in the chemical reaction. Examples of coenzymes include many derivatives of vitamins.

33. Oxidation is a chemical process that removes electrons from molecules. Oxidation is a chemical process that removes electrons from molecules. Reduction is the process that gives electrons to molecules. Reduction is the process that gives electrons to molecules. During cellular respiration enzymes remove electrons from food molecules and transfer the electrons to coenzymes. During cellular respiration enzymes remove electrons from food molecules and transfer the electrons to coenzymes.

35. Glycolysis (Splitting Sugar) Begins with a 6-carbon molecule, usually glucose, ends with 2, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. Begins with a 6-carbon molecule, usually glucose, ends with 2, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Will occur with or without oxygen. Will occur with or without oxygen. CCCCCC CCCCCC 2 ATP Glucose Pyruvate

36. Glycolysis Glucose (and phosphate from 2 ATP molecules are required to get it started) is broken down into two - 3 carbon and phosphate groups, which is then broken down into pyruvic acid and 4 ATP. Glucose (and phosphate from 2 ATP molecules are required to get it started) is broken down into two - 3 carbon and phosphate groups, which is then broken down into pyruvic acid and 4 ATP. Net gain of 2 ATP. Net gain of 2 ATP.

37. During cellular respiration, enzymes remove electrons from food molecules and then transfer the electrons to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). During cellular respiration, enzymes remove electrons from food molecules and then transfer the electrons to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). NAD + and FAD receive the electrons as part of hydrogen (H) atoms, which change them into their reduced forms: NADH and FADH 2

38. NAD + and FAD act like electron shuttle buses for the cell. NAD + and FAD act like electron shuttle buses for the cell. The empty buses NAD + and FAD collect electron passengers. The “H” sign goes up to show that the bus is full – NADH and FADH 2 The bus drives over to the reactions that need the electrons, drop off the passengers and go back to the oxidation reaction to collect new passengers.

39. Glycolysis Summary Where? Cytoplasm Where? Cytoplasm Oxygen required? No Oxygen required? No In In Glucose (6-C) Out Out 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 NADH 2 ATP (net)

40. Glucose To the electron transport chain Figure 9– 3 Glycolysis Glycolysis: Step 1 2 Pyruvic acid

41. A Little Krebs Cycle History Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

42. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Begins with two, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate which go from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Together two pyruvate molecules produce: 2 ATP, 2 CO 2 and then two types of electron carriers: NADH and FADH 2 Begins with two, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate which go from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Together two pyruvate molecules produce: 2 ATP, 2 CO 2 and then two types of electron carriers: NADH and FADH 2 CCC ATP + Electron Carrier - NADH Electron Carrier – FADH 2 + C OO Pyruvate

43. Krebs Cycle Summary Where? Mitochondrial matrix Where? Mitochondrial matrix Oxygen required? Yes Oxygen required? Yes In In 2 Pyruvate Out Out 2 CO 2 (as waste) NADH FADH 2 2 ATP Pyruvate is broken into a two carbon molecule called acetyl-coA. The Krebs cycle breaks down acetyl-coA into carbon dioxide. Cells use the Krebs cycle for breaking down fatty acids and amino acids.

44. Citric Acid Production The Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion

45. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Krebs Electron Transport Chain ATP Glycolysis ATP

46. In the inner membranes of the mitochondria in your cells, hundreds of little cellular machines are busy working to transfer energy. In the inner membranes of the mitochondria in your cells, hundreds of little cellular machines are busy working to transfer energy. The machines are called electron transfer chains. They are made of a team of proteins that sit in the membranes, transferring energy and electrons. The machines are called electron transfer chains. They are made of a team of proteins that sit in the membranes, transferring energy and electrons.

47. The coenzymes NADH and FADH 2 carry energy and electrons from glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport chain. The coenzymes NADH and FADH 2 carry energy and electrons from glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport chain. The coenzymes transfer the electrons to the proteins of the electron transport chain, which pass the electrons down the chain. The coenzymes transfer the electrons to the proteins of the electron transport chain, which pass the electrons down the chain. The bucket is the protein, the water the electrons. The bucket is the protein, the water the electrons.

48. Oxygen collects the electrons at the end of the chain. While oxygen accepts the electron, it also picks up protons (H + ) and forms H 2 O. Oxygen collects the electrons at the end of the chain. While oxygen accepts the electron, it also picks up protons (H + ) and forms H 2 O. While electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, the proteins move protons (H + ) across the membranes of the mitochondria. While electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, the proteins move protons (H + ) across the membranes of the mitochondria. These protons flow back across the membrane through a protein called ATP synthase. These protons flow back across the membrane through a protein called ATP synthase.

49. It adds phosphate molecules to ADP forming ATP. It adds phosphate molecules to ADP forming ATP. Process is also called oxidative phosphorylation. Process is also called oxidative phosphorylation. At the end of this entire process, the energy transferred from glucose is 36 to 38 molecules of ATP. At the end of this entire process, the energy transferred from glucose is 36 to 38 molecules of ATP.

50. Electron Transport Chain Where? Inner membrane of mitochondria Where? Inner membrane of mitochondria Oxygen required? Yes Oxygen required? Yes Energy Yield  Total of 32 ATP Energy Yield  Total of 32 ATP O 2 combines with TWO H + to form H 2 O O 2 combines with TWO H + to form H 2 O Exhale - CO 2, H 2 O comes from cellular respiration Exhale - CO 2, H 2 O comes from cellular respiration In InNADHFADH2 Out Out 32 ATP 32 ATP electron carriers

51. Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production ATP synthase Channel Inner Membrane Matrix Intermembrane Space Mitochondrion Electron Transport Chain

52. Summary of Aerobic Respiration ATP is then used to move muscles and complete other cellular activities. ATP is then used to move muscles and complete other cellular activities. Glycolysis, Krebs and Electron transport chain together make up aerobic respiration, starting with glucose and ending with ATP. Glycolysis, Krebs and Electron transport chain together make up aerobic respiration, starting with glucose and ending with ATP. Up to 36 ATP

53. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Krebs Electron Transport Chain Up to 32 ATP 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Total of up to 36 ATP

54. The first two processes Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle break down food molecules. The first two processes Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle break down food molecules. The third pathway oxidative phosphorylation transfers energy from the food molecules to ATP. The third pathway oxidative phosphorylation transfers energy from the food molecules to ATP.

55. Anaerobic Respiration Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Anaerobic Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation ATP

56. Cellular Respiration Fermentation in the Absence of Oxygen Fermentation When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows. Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate.

57. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration 23

58. Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the equation Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the equation C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 glucose alcohol energy For example, our own muscles resort to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not delivered to them fast enough. The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably less than the energy from aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration takes place at some stage in the cells of most living organisms. 25

59. Anaerobic Respiration (low oxygen or no oxygen) 3 types of anaerobic respiration: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs when you run without proper warm-up. Carbon dioxide and lactic acid are produced from pyruvic acid. Results in muscle soreness.

60. 2. Alcohol Fermentation – pyruvic acid is broken down into ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide. Results in food/beverages that are high in calories. 2. Alcohol Fermentation – pyruvic acid is broken down into ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide. Results in food/beverages that are high in calories. 3. Acetic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is broken down into acetic acid (vinegar) and carbon dioxide. Cabbage becomes sauerkraut. 3. Acetic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is broken down into acetic acid (vinegar) and carbon dioxide. Cabbage becomes sauerkraut.

61. Alcohol fermentation Used by bacteria and yeast (a type of fungus). Alcohol and CO 2 are products of this reaction. Used by bacteria and yeast (a type of fungus). Alcohol and CO 2 are products of this reaction. For thousands of years, humans have used yeast in brewing, winemaking and baking. The bubbles (CO 2 ) generated by baker’s yeast allow bread to rise. For thousands of years, humans have used yeast in brewing, winemaking and baking. The bubbles (CO 2 ) generated by baker’s yeast allow bread to rise.

62. Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation is used by certain fungi and bacteria in the dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt. Lactate is the product of this reaction. Lactic acid fermentation is used by certain fungi and bacteria in the dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt. Lactate is the product of this reaction.

63. Lactic acid fermentation is also used by human muscles. Lactic acid fermentation is also used by human muscles. Muscles make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce. Muscles make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce. (For instance, opening and closing your hand many times over short periods of time, or lifting a weight for many repetitions.) (For instance, opening and closing your hand many times over short periods of time, or lifting a weight for many repetitions.)

64. As your muscles run out of oxygen, they need a quick way to make more ATP. Lactic acid fermentation provides the ATP but produces lactate which accumulates causing muscle soreness. Eventually, the lactate is carried away by blood to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate. As your muscles run out of oxygen, they need a quick way to make more ATP. Lactic acid fermentation provides the ATP but produces lactate which accumulates causing muscle soreness. Eventually, the lactate is carried away by blood to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate.

65. THE BIG PICTURE Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Aerobic Anaerobic Krebs Electron Transport Chain Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation ATP

66. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Anaerobic DOES NOT require oxygen Anaerobic DOES NOT require oxygen Simple Simple fast fast produces smaller amounts of energy (ATP) produces smaller amounts of energy (ATP) Aerobic requires oxygen Yields large amounts of energy What is this energy molecule? ATP, ATP, ATP

67. Lactic Acid Fermentation bacteria, plants and most animals bacteria, plants and most animals After glycolysis  After glycolysis  2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid 2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid Sometimes happens in your muscles, cramps----- Exercise Sometimes happens in your muscles, cramps----- Exercise

68. Alcoholic Fermentation Bacteria and fungi (yeast) Bacteria and fungi (yeast) Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages Also used to raise dough, bread Also used to raise dough, bread