1. ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

2. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

3. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar

4. What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

5. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

6. What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H2O

7. How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
ATPase

8. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!
ATP Synthetase

9. The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP Synthetase
ATP-ase

10. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

11. Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen
Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Glucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

12. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2
YIELDS
Opposite of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 + e ATP’s

13. What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?
An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction
Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O (e- removed from C6H12O6)
Reduction  O2  to  H2O (e- passed to O2)

14. What Carries the Electrons?
NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier
NAD+ is a coenzyme
It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion

15. Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?
YES! Another Coenzyme!
FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Reduced to FADH2

16. Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules

17. How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
It is estimated that each cell will generate and consume approximately 10,000,000 molecules of ATP per second

18. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis
conversion
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain

19. Foods used for ATP production

20. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

21. Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix

22. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix

23. Glycolysis Summary Requires input of 2 ATP
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid

24. Glycolysis Summary Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed

25. Glycolysis Diagram

26. Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles sore)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets 1 NADH per pyruvate

27. Fermentation continued
If oxygen is not present, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol.
The combination of glycolysis and these additional pathways is fermentation.
Fermentation does not produce ATP, but it does regenerate NAD+, which allows for the continued production of ATP through ETC (electron transport chain).

29. A Little Krebs Cycle History
Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery
Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish
Also called Citric Acid cycle

30. Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Produces two ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

31. Krebs Cycle Summary
Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, 2CO2 and 1 ATP.
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

32. Krebs Cycle NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2 ATP
Step 3- Isocitrate (6C)
Step 4- Alph-ketoglutarate (5C)
Step 5- Succinate (4C)
Step 6- Fumarate (4C)
Step 7- malate (4C)
Step 8- oxaloacetate (4C)
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

33. Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

34. Electron Transport Chain Animation

35. . Electron Transport System:
consists of a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane
electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis by which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochondrial compartment. The H+ ions then flow back by the creation of a higher concentration gradient, a process that drives the process of ATP synthesis.
net yield of 34 ATP per glucose molecule
6 H2O are formed when the electrons unite with O2* at the end of electron transport chain. [* Note: This is the function of oxygen in living organisms!]