1. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 1 Digital Fundamentals Tenth Edition Floyd © 2008 Pearson Education Chapter 1

2. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 2 Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital systems. Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point. Analog Quantities

3. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 3 Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification. Analog and Digital Systems

4. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 4 Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system. Binary Digits and Logic Levels In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH or LOW. HIGH LOW V H(max) V H(min) V L(max) V L(min) Invalid

5. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 5 Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses. Digital Waveforms

6. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 6 Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics. Pulse Definitions

7. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 7 Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz. Periodic Pulse Waveforms The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a periodic wave. What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz? 313 ps

8. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 8  8 bits = 1 byte  1024 Bytes = 1 KB (kilobyte)  1024 Kilobytes = 1 MB (megabyte)  1024 Megabytes = 1 GB (gigabyte)  1024 Gigabytes = 1 TB (Terabyte)  10 3 Hz =1 kHz (kilohertz)  10 6 Hz =1 MHz (megahertz)  10 9 Hz =1 GHz (gigahertz)  10 12 Hz =1 THz (terahertz)  A picosecond is 10 −12 of a secondsecond  10 −3 s =1 ms (millisecond)  10 3 s =1 ks (kilosecond)  10 −6 s=1 µs (microsecond)  10 6 s =1 Ms (megasecond)  10 −9 s=1 ns (nanosecond)  10 9 s =1 Gs (gigasecond)  10 −12 s=1 ps (picosecond)  10 12 s =1Ts (terasecond)

9. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 9 Pulse Definitions In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (t W ) and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of t W to T. Amplitude (A) Pulse width (t W ) Period, T

10. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 10 A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms, Timing Diagrams

11. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 11 Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer. Serial and Parallel Data

12. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 12 Basic Logic Functions True only if all input conditions are true. True only if one or more input conditions are true. Indicates the opposite condition.

13. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 13 Basic System Functions And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various logic functions. A few examples are: The comparison function Basic arithmetic functions

14. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 14 Basic System Functions The encoding function The decoding function

15. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 15 Basic System Functions The data selection function

16. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 16 Basic System Functions The counting function …and other functions such as code conversion and storage. Input pulses 1 CounterParallel output lines Binary code for 1 Binary code for 2 Binary code for 3 Binary code for 4 Binary code for 5 Sequence of binary codes that represent the number of input pulses counted. 2345

17. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 17 Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.

18. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 18 Integrated Circuits Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip: The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for laboratory experiments with logic.

19. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 19 An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested. Integrated Circuits In this case, testing can be done by a computer connected to the system. DIP chips

20. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Slide 20 Integrated Circuits DIP chips and surface mount chips Pin 1 Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)