1. Poetry Terminology

2. Speaker The speaker could be the poet
The speaker could be a fictional or nonfictional character created or represented by the poet

3. “Cross” by Langston Hughes
My old man's a white old man And my old mother's black. If ever I cursed my white old man I take my curses back. If ever I cursed my black old mother And wished she were in hell, I'm sorry for that evil wish And now I wish her well My old man died in a fine big house. My ma died in a shack. I wonder were I'm going to die, Being neither white nor black?
Langston Hughes’s parents were a mixture of black and white, but they were predominately black. This poem was more likely written because of what Hughes saw around him, not his own personal experiences.

4. Suspense
Evokes curiosity
Makes you want to read more!

5. “The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. " 'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door; Only this, and nothing more.
This poem instantly grabs your attention because of the way that Poe writes the introduction.

6. Foreshadowing Hints about what is coming next
Could be very direct, or ambiguous
Usually done with longer poems

7. “My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning
That's my last Duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive. I call that piece a wonder….. Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt Whene'er I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands As if alive.
The speaker is showing a Duke negotiating a second marriage. Here, he is explaining what happened during his first marriage. Eventually, the Duke lets slip to the other man that he actually killed his first wife, because she, “couldn’t keep her smiles to herself.”

8. Rhyme Definition: when the endings of words sound the same
Take a second to jot down some examples….

9. Types of Rhymes
Internal Rhyme
External Rhyme
Half Rhyme

10. Internal Rhyme A rhyme that takes place with a line
Usually a word in the middle, and a word at the end are what rhyme

11. Internal Rhymes
“While all the night trough fog-smoke white” “In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud” - Samuel Coleridge “Ah, distinctly I remember, it was in the bleak December” - Edgar Allen Poe

12. External Rhyme When words at the end of a line rhyme
More common than internal rhyme
Jot down some of your own examples…

13. “I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud” by William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

14. Half Rhyme
Words that do not sound exactly the same, but are considered rhyming words
Usually because of a determined pattern
Sometimes because of pronunciation changes
Also called slant or approximate rhyme

15. “Hope” by Emily Dickinson
Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul, And sings the tune--without the words, And never stops at all, And sweetest in the gale is heard; And sore must be the storm That could abash the little bird That kept so many warm. I've heard it in the chillest land, And on the strangest sea; Yet, never, in extremity, It asked a crumb of me.

16. Rhythm A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
Seems to flow naturally

17. “The Destruction of Sennacherib” by Lord Byron
The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on the Galilee. Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green, That host with their banners at sunset were seen: Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath blown, That host on the morrow lay withered and strown. For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast, And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed; And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill, And their hearts but once heaved, and forever grew still!

18. Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

19. Stressed and Unstressed Syllables
˘ / ˘ / ˘ / ˘ / ˘ / Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Shall I compARE thee TO a SUMmer’s DAY?
Try saying it the opposite way—doesn’t quite sound right does it?

20. Metrical Foot
Anapest
Trochee
Dactyl
Iamb

21. Anapest Two unaccented and one accented syllable
The AsSYRian came DOWN like the WOLF on the FOLD, And his COhorts were GLEAMing in PURple and GOLD 

22. Trochee One accented and one unaccented syllable
TELL me NOT in MOURNful NUMbers

23. Dactyl One accented and two unaccented syllables
TYger TYger BURNning BRIGHT IN the FORests OF the NIGHT

24. Iamb One unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable
There WAS a TIME when MEADow, GROVE, and STREAM

25. Tone The attitude of the speaker
Some examples would playful, regretful, humorous, ironic, indignation…etc.

26. “Another Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries” by Hugh MacDiarmid
It is a God-damn lie to say that these Saved, or knew, anything worth any man's pride. They were professional murderers and they took Their blood money and impious risks and died. In spite of all their kind some elements of worth With difficulty persist here and there on earth.

27. Theme The central meaning of the poem
Think of some themes that might be covered in poetry….

28. “Lost” by David Wagoner
Stand still. The trees ahead and bushes beside you Are not lost. Wherever you are is called Here, And you must treat it as a powerful stranger, Must ask permission to know it and be known. The forest breathes. Listen. It answers, I have made this place around you, If you leave it you may come back again, saying Here. No two trees are the same to Raven. No two branches are the same to Wren. If what a tree or a bush does is lost on you, You are surely lost. Stand still. The forest knows Where you are. You must let it find you.

29. Free Verse Has no regular rhythm, line length, and rarely has rhyme
Imitates the way you would speak normally

30. “Reflex” by Katherine Foreman
The taste of betrayal Slipped past indifference in unexpected delivery, Worse for the mark it finds. I offer up what I can, The self-desecrating altar blinded to consequence Hoping my sacrifice will please. I speak against the grain of my being, Roiling with disgust at more than self or inadequacy As I see my own interests beneath my knees.

31. Mood The feeling that the poem gives you
Details, images, objects, setting, all contribute towards creating the mood

32. “Infant Sorrow” by William Blake
My mother groaned, my father wept, Into the dangerous world I leapt; Helpless, naked, piping loud, Like a fiend hid in a cloud. Struggling in my father's hands, Striving against my swaddling bands, Bound and weary, I thought best To sulk upon my mother's breast.
This poem by Blake is great example of how language can be used to affect emotion or affect one’s mood.

33. “Infant Joy” by William Blake
"I have no name; I am but two days old." What shall I call thee? "I happy am, Joy is my name." Sweet joy befall thee! Pretty joy! Sweet joy, but two days old. Sweet Joy I call thee: Thou dost smile, I sing the while; Sweet joy befall thee!
This poem also shows you how mood can be affective. After seeing these two poems next to each other you can see how the same theme, is manipulate through language to change how you respond to the poem.

34. Figurative Language Simile Metaphor Symbol Personification Imagery
Hyperbole

35. Simile Direct comparison of unlike things
Uses the words “like” or “as”
Think of a few examples…

36. “Your Teeth” by Denise Rodgers
Your teeth are like stars; they come out at night. They come back at dawn when they're ready to bite
In this poem, Rodgers is comparing someone’s teeth to the stars, because teeth are not at all like stars, it is a comparison, and because he uses the word “like,” we also know it is a metaphor.

37. Metaphor An implied comparison of two or more things
Does not use the words “like” or “as”

39. Symbol A concrete item that represents an abstract object
Can be an object, character, figure, color, or possibly a number of other things that represent something different than they appear

40. Personification
When an inanimate or inhuman object is described as if it were a person
Think of an example

41. “Two Sunflowers Move in the Yellow Room” by William Blake
"Ah, William, we're weary of weather," said the sunflowers, shining with dew. "Our traveling habits have tired us. Can you give us a room with a view?“ They arranged themselves at the window and counted the steps of the sun, and they both took root in the carpet where the topaz tortoises run.
In this poem the sunflowers are personified. You know this because they are talking, and also because they are “arranging” themselves.

42. Imagery The use of vivid descriptions to create a mental picture
Think of your own examples…

43. “Introduction to Poetry” by Billy Collins
I ask them to take a poem and hold it up to the light like a color slide or press an ear against its hive. I say drop a mouse into a poem and watch him probe his way out, or walk inside the poem's room and feel the walls for a light switch. I want them to waterski across the surface of a poem waving at the author's name on the shore. But all they want to do is tie the poem to a chair with rope and torture a confession out of it. They begin beating it with a hose to find out what it really means.

44. “The Tropics of New York” Claude McKay
Bananas ripe and green, and ginger root Cocoa in pods and alligator pears, And tangerines and mangoes and grape fruit, Fit for the highest prize at parish fairs, Sat in the window, bringing memories of fruit-trees laden by low-singing rills, And dewy dawns, and mystical skies In benediction over nun-like hills. My eyes grow dim, and I could no more gaze; A wave of longing through my body swept, And, hungry for the old, familiar ways I turned aside and bowed my head and wept.
McKay uses vivid description to really paint a picture for her audience.

45. Hyperbole An exaggeration Over the top kind of explanations
Think of your own example

46. “My Dog” by Sharon Hendricks
His bark breaks the sound barrier His nose is as cold as an ice box. A wag of his tail causes hurricanes His jumping causes falling rocks. He eats a mountain of dog food And drinks a water fall dry. But though he breaks the bank He’s the apple of my eye.
Ms. Hendricks is clearly exaggerating her dog’s qualities in this poem.

47. Couplet
Two lines, one right after another, that express one idea and has a set rhyme
My only love, sprung from my only hate!
Too early seen unknown,
and known too late!\
-Romeo and Juliet

48. Parody An imitation of one poem by another
Usually to mock, comment on, or generally make fun of a work itself, its author, style, subject, etc.

49. “Query” by Rob Collins
Once upon a midnight dreary, fingers cramped and vision bleary, Program manuals piled high, and wasted paper on the floor, Longing for the warmth of bedsheets, still I sat there, doing spreadsheets For the high and mighty deadbeats whom I do computing for -- For the overpaid executives who left at half past four -- Too important to ignore. Under orders from the boss to make our profit beat our loss, I drew old data out of DOS, lured it into Lotus 4-- Skipping sleep and suppertime, working well past eight and nine, Though I earned no overtime, still I wrestled with the chore. My career was on the line and a deadline loomed before, Too important to ignore.

50. Musial Devices Repetition Alliteration Assonance Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Parallelism
Apostrophe

51. Repetition Makes the poem sound like a song
The use of repeated words together to create some sort of meaning
Usually emphasizes a point

52. Alliteration
The repetition of the first sound of several words in one line
Think of your own examples…

53. The silly snake tried to strike the sullen toad.
The sticky situation was solidly skirted with skill.
The snake was successfully sidetracked from its sinister scheme.
The grumpy toad was not genuinely gripped with the great big snake.

54. Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds
Think of an example…

55. Assonance I like ice cream. I head the mellow wedding bells
I lie down by the side of my bride
Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese

56. Consonance The repetition of consonant sounds
Located at the end of the word

57. Consonance dawn goes down some mammals are clammy First and last
Odds and ends

58. Onomatopoeia A word that sounds like the way it is pronounced
Can you think of any examples?

59. Onomatopoeia
Most animal noises…
Swing
Slop!
Boo!

60. Parallelism
The repetition of the same grammatical form or structure in lines of poetry
Example:
We _______

61. Apostrophe
When the speaker of the poem is addressing something (or someone) that is dead, or an inanimate object
This differs from personification in that, the speaker is directly addressing the object or person

62. “The Sun Rising” by John Donne
Busy old fool, unruly Sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows and through curtains call on us?
In this excerpt from Donne’s poem, Donne addresses the Sun as if it were a person.

63. Types of Poems

64. Narrative
Tells a story and is usually longer than other types of poems
Common types of narratives include epics, such as The Odyssey, The Iliad, The Inferno, or The Aeneid

65. “Casey at the Bat” by Ernest Lawrence Thayer
The outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville nine that day: The score stood four to two, with but one inning more to play, And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same, A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of the game. A straggling few got up to go in deep despair. The rest Clung to the hope which springs eternal in the human breast; They thought, "If only Casey could but get a whack at that-- We'd put up even money now, with Casey at the bat."

66. Dramatic One or more character’s speak
Creates an allusion that the reader is witnessing an event

67. “A Man Said to the Universe…”
A man said to the universe: "Sir I exist!" "However," replied the universe, "The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation." -Stephen Crane

68. Lyric
Expresses the speaker’s personal thoughts and feelings and uses vivid words and images
Perhaps this is where they came up with the term song lyric…

69. “How Do I Love Thee?” by Elizabeth Browning
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of being and ideal grace. I love thee to the level of every day's Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.

70. Sonnet Is a type of lyric poem Traditionally has 14 lines
Is traditionally written in iambic pentameter which means that is has 10 syllables
Shakespearian sonnets always end with a rhyming couplet

71. Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare.

72. Haiku Lyric form of poetry Originated in Japan
17 syllables total which are made up of unrhymed lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables

73. Untitled by Leif Danielson
A blank page of sand- At the water's cutting edge The pattern shaping
Note: most haikus you find will not look like they were written in the form that we just discussed. This is because many of them originated in Japan—and the format was lots in translation.

74. Concrete Lines of poetry that form a picture
The picture usually is a representation of what the poem is about