1. Cell Structure and Function
What is the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all of the processes of life?
Cell
What is an organism with only one cell?
Unicellular
What is an organism with more than one cell?
Multicellular
All living things are made up of cells
What led to the discovery of cells?
Microscopes

2. Discovery of the Cell
1665 Robert Hooke discovered dead plant cells in a slice of cork using a very simple microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered living organisms in 1673
Matthias Schleiden discovered living plant cells
Theodor Schwann found animal cells

3. Cell Theory What is the cell theory?
The observations that Hooke and Leeuwenhoek made 150 years earlier led to the theory that follows
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. Cells come only from the existing cells

4. The Cell What characteristics do all cells share?
Cell membranes and contain DNA
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Pros lack a nucleus and euks contain a nucleus
What is a nucleus?
Organelle that directs most of the activities of the cell and contains the cell’s DNA

5. Prokaryotes Have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus
Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes- not all the time though
Carry out every activity other living things do as well
Examples- bacteria

6. Eukaryotes Generally larger and more complex
Many are highly specialized, many structures within cell
Contain nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of cell
Display great variety, may be displayed as unicellular organism or multicellular such as- protists, fungi, animals and plants

7. Sec 2- Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Organelles- specialized organs found within the cell
Cytoplasm contains the various organelles, cytosol is the gelatin like fluid, surrounds nucleus
Nucleus- contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

10. Parts of the Nucleus
Nuclear envelope- membrane that surrounds nucleus, dotted with pores that allows materials to move in and out
Nuclear matrix maintains the shape of the nucleus
Chromatin are strands of DNA and protein
Chromosomes- threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation
Nucleolus is a small dense region that controls protein synthesis and is the site of ribosome synthesis

11. Eukaryotic Cell
Mitochondria is where energy is transferred from organic compounds to ATP
Ribosomes is the site of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER serves as an intracellular highway- where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled
2 Types of ER
Smooth ER and Rough ER
Rough ER is covered with ribosomes, where synthesis of proteins takes place
Smooth ER is not, collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks

12. Eukaryotic Cell
Golgi Apparatus, appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes, is the processes, packages, and secretes substances. Also prepares proteins for export
Lysosomes, filled with enzymes, are organelles that digest viruses, bacteria, and old organelles. Also break down lipids, carbs, and proteins
Vacuoles- saclike structures that store materials- water, salts, proteins, carbs
Mitochondria- organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use
Chloroplasts- organelles that convert sunlike energy into chemical energy- photosynthesis

13. Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is made up of protein strands that give the cell its shape and support, also aids in movement
2 major components include microtubules and microfilaments
Microtubules are larger and hollow, assist in the movement of chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles- help organize cell division
Cilia are short, in large numbers and assist with movement
Flagella are long, less numbers and assist with movement
Microfilaments are smaller and contribute to cell movement and the contraction of muscle cells
Made of protein-actin

14. Sec 3- Cell Boundaries
Cell membrane- controls what goes in and out of the cell, provides protection and support
Made up of lipid bilayer- gives membrane flexible structure that forms strong barrier
A selectively permeable membrane allows certain substances in while not allowing other substances
Cell walls- lie outside of cell membranes, provides support and protection for cell
Found in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes
Made from fibers of carbohydrates and proteins
Cellulose makes up cell walls in plants

15. Diffusion through Cell Boundaries
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Equilibrium- concentration of solute is same throughout
No energy needed
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

16. Effects of Osmosis on Cells
Isotonic- concentration of solutes is same inside and outside the cell
Water moving in and out of cell
Hypertonic- solution has higher solute concentration than the cell
Water moving out of cell
Hypotonic- solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell
Water moving into cell

17. Facilitated Diffusion
Cell membrane channels help move molecules across the membrane
Fast and specific- only happens if there is higher concentration on one side of membrane
Does not require energy

18. Active Transport
Transportation of materials against concentration difference
Requires energy
Molecules generally transported by transport proteins
Endocytosis and exocytosis- processes that carry larger molecules and clumps of materials across

19. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endo- taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets of the cell membrane
Phagocytosis- extensions of cytoplasm surrounds particle and cell engulfs it
Pinocytosis- tiny pockets form around liquid
Exo- membrane of vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing contents out of cell

21. Sec 4- The Diversity of Cellular Life
Compare multicellular organisms to unicellular organisms?
Cell specialization- cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks
Examples

22. Levels of Organization
Levels include; individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Tissue-group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Examples
Organ- group of tissues that perform a particular function
Organ system- group of organs that work together to perform a specific function