1. P RONOUNS AnaphoraPersonal ReflexiveReciprocal Grammar Presentation By: Renae Betten and Ziduan Liu EESL 542D: Second Language Acquisition Research CSUSB Winter 2012

2. P RONOUN Definition and function: Grammatical forms that substitute or replace a Noun or Noun Phrase or an entire clause. Used to avoid repetitive use of the same noun in a sentence or paragraph.

3. P RONOUNS 1 st person Refers to the point of view of the speaker or writer. 2 nd person Refers to the person or object the 1 st person is speaking with or writing to. 3 rd person Refers to the person, people or object the 1 st person and 2 nd person are talking about. Anyone outside of a dialogue. Pronoun Rhyme

4. P RONOUNS Singular Refers to one person/object: I, me, my, you, he, she, it Plural Refers to more than one person: they, them, you, we, us

5. P ERSONAL P RONOUNS S UBJECT PRONOUNS O BJECT P RONOUNS SingularPluralSingularPlural 1 st person IWeMeUs 2 nd person You 3 rd person He/She/ItTheyHim/Her/Itthem

6. P RONOUNS 2 nd person You Informal/personal = ‘You’ “You can say there is something beneficial about taking vitamins.” Formal/less personal = ‘One’ or ‘a person’ “One can say there is something beneficial about taking vitamins.” Purpose for the replacement: Using ‘one’ or ‘a person’ to replace ‘you’ makes a statement less directly connected to a particular individual.

7. P ERSONAL P RONOUN RULES Subject pronouns: Used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. Example: Dan needed to buy milk. He went to the store after work. Object pronouns: Occur as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of a preposition in a sentence. Example: Dan needed to buy milk. He went to the store to buy it.

8. P ERSONAL AND O BJECTIVE P RONOUN Class exercise. Choose which pronoun substitutes the noun.

9. A NAPHORA P RONOUNS The use of a word as a regular grammatical substitute for a preceding noun. Example: The boy enjoys eating ice cream, but he doesn’t share it with anyone.

10. A NAPHORA P RONOUNS Forward anaphora: Noun is mentioned at the beginning of a sentence followed by a pronoun. Example: Martha read a book from the library. She enjoyed the story and quiet time. Backward anaphora: A pronoun is mentioned at the beginning of a sentence followed by the noun. Because they discovered that they really didn’t like them, the boys decided not to order pancakes for breakfast anymore.

11. V ARIABILITY OF P ERSONAL P RONOUNS Predicate Nominal Subject personal pronouns should always be used when the pronoun is a predicate nominal following be. Example: Who’s there? 1. It is I. (subject pronoun is formal) 2. It’s me. (object pronoun is informal) Which one is the movie star? 2. That is she over there. (subject pronoun is formal) 3. That’s her over there. (object pronoun is informal)

12. V ARIABILITY OF P ERSONAL P RONOUNS Comparisons Inequality comparisons: one thing is greater than or less than another. Regular “He is a lot faster than I am.” Shortened “He is a lot faster than I.” Shortened with object pronoun “He is a lot faster than me.”

13. V ARIABILITY OF P ERSONAL P RONOUNS Comparisons Object pronouns are particularly common in shortened comparisons involving more, less, better or worse He is less sophisticated than she is. He is less sophisticated than her. They were better prepared than she was. They were better prepared than her.

14. V ARIABILITY OF P ERSONAL P RONOUNS Conjoined Personal Pronouns “and” Choosing which pronouns often causes confusion. Which sentence is correct? You and I will go to the store. You and me will go to the store. Tip: Write the same sentence using only the first person singular. I will go to the store. *Me will go to the store.

15. R EFLEXIVE P RONOUNS SingularPlural 1 st person MyselfOurselves 2 nd person YourselfYourselves 3 rd person Himself/herself/itself/oneselfThemselves Pronoun + -self (singular) or -selves (plural) The function of reflexive pronouns is to “reflect” the same noun or pronoun that occurs in another sentence position. My dog hurt itself. I saw myself in the mirror. We blame ourselves. Reflexive pronouns always function as objects (direct, indirect, or object of preposition), never as subjects.

16. R EFLEXIVE P RONOUNS Used in place of a personal pronoun for emphasis. There was barely enough room in the cabin for her and (me, myself) As a replacement for personal pronouns after the words; as, like, but, besides and other than. This must really be a big thrill for someone like (you, yourself) Assume that someone other than (you, yourself) will be directing the project.

17. R EFLEXIVE P RONOUN Class exercise. Choose which pronoun to use in the sentence.

18. R ECIPROCAL P RONOUNS Used to indicate that an action is being performed by two or more individuals. Use “Each other” or “One another” For example: Fred and Bill criticized each other. We must all learn to get along with one another.

19. P RONOUNS CONTINUED … Possessive pronouns Indefinite pronouns Demonstrative pronouns

20. Possessive Pronouns

21. You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car.

22. Possessive Pronouns You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car. You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers.

23. Possessive Pronouns You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car. You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers.

24. Possessive Pronouns You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car. You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers. The pronoun replace noun phrase that indicate possession

25. Possessive Pronouns SingularPlural 1 st personmineours 2 nd personyours 3 rd personhis, hers, itstheirs

26. Possessive Pronouns SingularPlural 1 st personmineours 2 nd personyours 3 rd personhis, hers, itstheirs determiner + noun + of + possessive pronoun

27. Possessive Pronouns SingularPlural 1 st personmineours 2 nd personyours 3 rd personhis, hers, itstheirs determiner + noun + of + possessive pronoun ex: A teacher of yours mentioned that you weren’t in school today.

28. Indefinite Pronouns

29. someone anyone everyone no one somebody anybody everybody nobody something anything everything nothing

30. Indefinite Pronouns someone anyone everyone no one somebody anybody everybody nobody something anything everything nothing Native speakers refer back to indefinite pronouns with both singular and plural pronouns and possessive determiners.

31. Indefinite Pronouns someone anyone everyone no one somebody anybody everybody nobody something anything everything nothing Native speakers refer back to indefinite pronouns with both singular and plural pronouns and possessive determiners. Everyone has his own gifts. Everyone has their own gifts.

32. Indefinite Pronouns someone anyone everyone no one somebody anybody everybody nobody something anything everything nothing Native speakers refer back to indefinite pronouns with both singular and plural pronouns and possessive determiners. Everyone has his own gifts. Everyone has their own gifts. someone, somebody, and something Did someone call while I was out? (expectation) Did anyone call while I was out? (not necessarily)

33. Pronouns and Agreement 1)Nouns refer to single items but are plural in number -glasses, scissors, pants Require pronoun in the plural form -My pants are dirty, can you drop them off at the dry cleaner? 2) Collective Noun Focus on group as a whole individual members -He stared out at the audience. It was bigger than he expected. -He stared out at the audience. They were all staring back silently.

34. Pronouns and Agreement 1)Nouns refer to single items but are plural in number -glasses, scissors, pants Require pronoun in the plural form -My pants are dirty, can you drop them off at the dry cleaner? 2) Collective Noun Focus on group as a whole individual members -He stared out at the audience. It was bigger than he expected. -He stared out at the audience. They were all staring back silently. 3) Gender – free writing refers to both genders -Everyone has his or her own way of dealing with problems.

35. Demonstrative Pronouns

36. “Pointing Pronouns” Indicate whether the antecedent is near the speaker in place (here) & time (now) or not near to the speaker in place (there) & time (then)

37. Demonstrative Pronouns “Pointing Pronouns” Indicate whether the antecedent is near the speaker in place (here) & time (now) or not near to the speaker in place (there) & time (then) LocationHere/NowThere/Then Number Singular thisthat Pluralthesethose - Here are application forms. You need to fill these out.

38. Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun (p. 283 – p. 287)

39. Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun (p. 283 – p. 287) Chinese speakers - topic NP deletion -wo zai huayuan li zhong-le yixie hua zhexie hua tamen zhang de hen hao. - I at garden in plant some flower these flower they grow very well I have planted some flowers in the garden. They grow very well.

40. Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun (p. 283 – p. 287) Chinese speakers - topic NP deletion -wo zai huayuan li zhong-le yixie hua zhexie hua tamen zhang de hen hao. - I at garden in plant some flower these flower they grow very well I have planted some flowers in the garden. They grow very well. Ø

41. Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun (p. 283 – p. 287) Chinese speakers - topic NP deletion -wo zai huayuan li zhong-le yixie hua zhexie hua tamen zhang de hen hao. - I at garden in plant some flower these flower they grow very well I have planted some flowers in the garden. They grow very well. Chinese speakers often omit both subject and object pronouns in English. Ø

42. T HANK YOU Pronouns reviewed: Anaphora Personal Subjective & Objective Reflexive Reciprocal Progressive Indefinite Demonstrative