3.  Study of how the physical health of a worker is affected by the workplace

4.  As early as 18 th century doctors noted that workers who required to maintain body positions for long periods of time developed musculoskeletal problems.  Within last 20 years research has clearly established connections between certain job tasks and RSI (repetitive strain injuries) or MSI (muskuloskeletal injuries).

5. 1) Static work : musculoskeletal effort required to hold a certain position, even a comfortable one for long periods of time. Example: sit & work at computers; keeping head and torso upright requires small or great amounts of static work depending on the efficiency of the body positions we chose. What two elements are at work?

6.  Force: amount of tension our muscles generate Example: tilting your head forward or backward from a neutral, vertical position quadruples the amount of force acting on your lower neck vertebrae  Increased force is due to increase in muscular tension needed to support head in a tilted position

7.  The average person working at a keyboard can perform 50,000 to 200,000 keystrokes a day  Overexertion, falls & RMI are the most common cause of workplace injury  An average of 125,000 back injuries due to improper lifting occur each year.  Muscle overuse results in tiny tears in the muscles and scarring; these contribute to inflammation and muscle stiffness FACTS

8.  Overuse and small repetitive movements ie: RMI (repetitive motion injuries), RSI (repetitive strain injuries), CTD (cumulative trauma disorders) disturb balance of muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves  Nerves send signals to muscles to contract  When the nerve is compressed you will feel the sensation somewhere between the point of compression and fingertips

9. 1) Repeated motions 2) Tight muscles 3) Inflammation of surrounding tissues 4) Misalignment of the nerve

10. Common Nerve Injuries I. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: involves pain in the neck, back and shoulders due to muscle tightness from poor head position or slumped posture. - Numbness/tingling in hand, made worse with overhead activities or cradling phone between ear and shoulder

11. IV. Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of median nerve at level of carpal tunnel Where is carpal tunnel? Formed at the wrist by ligament over the carpal bones in hand - numbness or tingling in thumb, index, or middle finger & ½ of ring finger; often awakened at night by hand “falling asleep”

12. Muscle Injuries  Sprains, strains, torn muscles  Pain; difficulty in turning, bending and moving the muscle

13.  Tendons are connective tissue that attach muscle to bone; have little stretch or rebound  Tendon overuse, static or prolonged position=inflammation or tendonitis  Tendons of wrist & hand very small and are at high risk for injury with overuse  “Tennis elbow” affects finger extensor tendons outside of elbow  “Golfer’s elbow” affects finger flexor tendons inside of elbow

14. a) Warm up & stretch before activities that are repetitive, static or prolonged b) Take frequent breaks from ANY sustained posture every 20-30 minutes c) Respect pain - stop painful activity d) Recognize early signs of inflammatory process, and get treatment early PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT PREVENT !!!

15.  Chairs should have five legs of stability  Chairs should have a firm back seat  Adjust armrests so that shoulders are relaxed  There should be enough space under the desk to allow worker to change seating position  May need footrest

16.  Monitors should have flat screen and anti-glare to reduce eye strain  Monitors should be positioned so that the top of the screen is at eye level and at a distance of 45-60 cm from the face.  Keyboard should be kept at elbow height.  Wristrests can help maintain neutral postures  Use a document holder, in-line with the computer screen.

18.  Temperature should be kept between 15-22C  Plenty of air circulation to reduce dust and bacteria in the air  Clean work environment  Lights should not flicker because this causes eye strain.  Colour of workrooms should be neutral and soft (pure white, black or shiny surfaces can cause tiredness)  Take frequent pauses and breaks

19. Practice Wellness at Work and Home ! Exercise Nutrition Relaxation Body Mind Spirit