1. The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asia9
The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asia

2. The Silk Road The Kushan Kingdom Silk Road Sits beyond the Khyber Pass
Trade between China and Europe (including the Rome empire)
Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan monarchs
Commercial affects of patronizing Buddhism
Growth of Buddhist monasteries and spread of Buddhism to central Asia and China

3. The Gupta Empire
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4. India After the Mauryas
The Gupta Dynasty
Chandragupta I (320-c. 330), Samudragupta (c ), Chandragupta II ( )
India entered a new “classical age”
Trade was prosperous

5. The Transformation of Buddhism
Changing Buddhism
Doctrine beginning to decline with the rise of Hinduism
Problems interpreting Nirvana helped lead to changes
Split in Buddhism
Theravada
Buddhism a way of life, not a salvationist creed
Mahayana
Nirvana can be achieved through devotion
Bodhisattva (“he who possesses the essence of Buddhahood”)
Revered saintly individuals and built temples in their honor
Reinterpretation of Buddhism as a religion rather than a philosophy
Decline in India
Denies existence of the soul
Rejected class divisions
Revival of Hinduism

6. India, 1000 – 1200

7. The Arrival of Islam Conquest of Sind by Arab armies, c. 711
Mahmud of Ghazni ( )
Rule extended throughout the upper Indus valley and as far south as the Indian Ocean
Brilliant and terrible at the same time
Resistance led by Rajputs (aristocratic Hindu clans)
No match against the cavalry of Mahmud’s invasion
South of the Ganges River Muslim influence spread slowly
Extend power to the Deccan Plateau
New Delhi sultanate threatened by Mongols of Genghis Khan
Tughluq dynasty ( )
Tamerlane (Timur-i-lang) (b. 1330s -1405)
Crossed the Indus River to raid India in 1398
Ruled a Mongol khanate based in Samarkand
Conquered the area of the Caspian Sea, Baghdad, and raided to the Bosporus before withdrawing

8. The Empire of Tamerlane
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9. Tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand
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10. Society and Culture Muslim rulers Differences in the religious beliefs
Tolerant of other faiths
Generally used peaceful means to convert others
Differences in the religious beliefs
Muslims rulers like the Indian idea of divine kingship
Indians learned the superiority of cavalry
Some upper-class Hindu males attracted to the Muslim tradition of purdah
Muslim women had more rights than Hindu women

11. Economy and Daily Life
Landed and commercial elite lived in the cities, often in opulence
Most people live on the land
India served important roll in far eastern trade
Petty traders and artisans usually limited to local markets

12. The Wonder of Indian Culture
Art and Architecture
Caves of Ajanta
Carved out of rock from 460 to 478
Rock paintings and carvings
Buddhist cave temples and monasteries
Sculpture important to the shrines
Literature
Religious and secular works
Written in Sanskrit and the languages of southern India
Kalidasa, The Cloud Messenger
Dandin, The Ten Princes
Music
Chanting Vedic hymns
Raga, a musical scale
Sitar, wind instruments, and drums

13. Close-up of temple gopuram at temple at Madras
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14. Temple complex at Mahabalipuram
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15. Southeast Asia 500 C.E-1200 C.E.
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16. The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia
Geography
Early migration
Contacts with India
Merchants
Paddy Fields and Spices: The States of Southeast Asia
Angkor
Agricultural; situated on rich river delta
Most powerful state to emerge in mainland South-east Asia
Indonesian archipelago
Srivi-jaya; Majapahit
Spice trade important
Indian influences
Brahmin class of advisors
Writing system
Wayang kulit (shadow play)

17. Daily Life Hierarchical society Trade Differing social structures
Women
Active in trade
Higher literacy
Financial independence
Nuclear family

18. World of the Spirits: Religious Belief
Traditional beliefs
Hinduism
Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
Temple architecture
Angkor Wat

19. Interior of Shwedagon pagoda complex with numerous shrines
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20. Temple of thousand Buddhas in Bangkok
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21. Discussion Questions
How did the Kushan Kingdom benefit from its position astride the Silk Road?
Why is the Gupta dynasty sometimes called the “classical age” of civilization in northern India?
What led to the transformation of Buddhism? Why did Buddhism decline in popularity in India?
What major states emerged in Southeast Asia? How were their societies and cultures influenced by India?