1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Earth’s Ecosystems Section 1 Land Biomes Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 Table of Contents

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Bellringer Write the answers to the following questions in your science journal: What is a biome? List seven land biomes. Chapter 20

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Distinguish between abiotic factors and biotic factors in biomes. Identify seven land biomes on Earth. Objectives

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 The Earth’s Land Biomes Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an environment. Biotic Factors Biotic factors are the living parts of an environment. Biomes A biome is a large area characterized by its climate and the plants and animals that live in the area.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Forests Temperate Deciduous Forests In a temperate deciduous forest, mammals, birds, and reptiles thrive on the many leaves, seeds, nuts, and insects.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Forests, continued Coniferous Forests Coniferous forest has evergreen trees and many animals must hibernate through the cold winters.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Forests, continued Tropical Rain Forests Tropical rain forests have a greater variety of organisms than any other biome.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Grasslands Temperate Grasslands Temperate grasslands have few trees, and many different kinds of seed and grass-eating animals.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Grasslands, continued Savannas A grassland that has scattered clumps of trees and seasonal rains is called a savanna.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Deserts Dry and Hot Biomes that are very dry and often very hot are called deserts.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20 Tundra Polar Tundra In polar tundra, the layer of soil beneath the surface soil stays frozen all of the time. This layer is called permafrost. Alpine Tundra Alpine tundra also has permafrost. But alpine tundra is found at the top of tall mountains.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Bellringer Write the answer to the following question in your science journal: What are abiotic factors in marine ecosystems? Chapter 20

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20 List three abiotic factors that shape marine ecosystems. Describe four major ocean zones. Describe five marine ecosystems. Objectives

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20 Life in the Ocean Abiotic Factors Marine ecosystems are shaped by abiotic factors including water temperature, water depth, and the amount of sunlight that passes into the water. Plankton Trillions of plankton live in the ocean. Plankton are tiny organisms that float near the surface of the water.

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20 Temperature Depth and Temperature The temperature of ocean water decreases as the depth of the water increases.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20 Depth and Sunlight The Intertidal Zone The intertidal zone is the place where the ocean meets the land. The Neritic Zone As you move farther away from shore, into the neritic zone, the water becomes deeper. The Oceanic Zone In the oceanic zone, the sea floor drops sharply The Benthic Zone The benthic zone is the ocean floor. The deepest part does not get any sunlight.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20 A Closer Look Intertidal Areas Intertidal areas are found near the shore. These areas include mudflats, sandy beaches, and rocky shores. Coral Reefs Coral reefs are found in warm, shallow areas of the neritic zone. Reefs provide homes for many marine animals and plants. Estuaries An area where fresh water from rivers spills into the ocean is called an estuary. Plants and animals living in estuaries must be able to survive in a changing concentration of salt.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20 A Closer Look, continued The Sargasso Sea An ecosystem called the Sargasso Sea is found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The ecosystem contains floating rafts of algae. Polar Ice The Arctic Ocean and the ocean around Antarctica have icy waters, which are rich in nutrients. Many fishes, birds, and mammals live in this ecosystem.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Bellringer Write the answer to the following question in your science journal: What are four freshwater ecosystems? Chapter 20

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 Describe one abiotic factor that affects freshwater ecosystems. Describe the three zones of a lake. Describe two wetland ecosystems. Explain how a lake becomes a forest. Objectives

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 Stream and River Ecosystems Water in Streams and Rivers The water in brooks, streams, and rivers may flow from melting ice or snow. Or the water may come from a spring. Tributaries Each stream of water that joins a larger stream is called a tributary.

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 Tributary, River System, and Drainage Basin Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 Pond and Lake Ecosystems Life near Shore The are of water closest to the edge of a lake or pond is called the littoral zone. The plants in the littoral zone are homes to small animals. Life Away from Shore The area of a lake or pond that extends from the littoral zone across the top of the water called the open-water zone. Beneath the open-water zone is the deep-water zone, where no sunlight reaches.

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 Wetland Ecosystems Marshes A treeless wetland ecosystem where plants, such as grasses, grow is called a marsh. Muskrats, turtles, frogs, and birds live in marshes. Swamps A wetland ecosystem in which trees and vines grow is called a swamp. Water lilies and other plants grow in standing water. Many fishes, snakes, and birds also live in swamps.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 20 From a Lake to a Forest Build Up of Sediments Water entering a standing body of water usually carries nutrients and sediments. These materials build up on the bottom of the lake or pond. Formation of a Wetland Over time, the pond or lake is filled with sediments. Plants grow in the new soil and the pond or lake starts becoming a wetland. The wetland then may develop into a forest.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Earth’s Ecosystems Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 20 land biomes biotic factors tundra biomes marine freshwater abiotic factors grasslands

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Earth’s Ecosystems Chapter 20

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Earth’s Ecosystems Chapter 20

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 20 Show

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 Billy has a brochure for a camp that boasts of being the most adventurous summer camp in the world. Billy can’t wait to go to the camp and have fun outdoors. To prepare, he checks the supply list, which includes the following: light, summer clothes; sunscreen; rain gear; a heavy, down-filled jacket; a ski mask; and thick gloves. The list seems strange to Billy. He thought he was traveling to only one destination, so why does he need to bring such a wide variety of clothes? Billy rereads the brochure and learns that the campers will “climb the biomes of the world in just three days.” The destination is Africa’s tallest mountain, Kilimanjaro. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does destination mean? A camp B vacation C place D mountain Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does destination mean? A camp B vacation C place D mountain Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? F People ski on Kilimanjaro. G Kilimanjaro is Africa’s tallest mountain. H It rains a lot on Kilimanjaro. I The summers are cold on Kilimanjaro. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? F People ski on Kilimanjaro. G Kilimanjaro is Africa’s tallest mountain. H It rains a lot on Kilimanjaro. I The summers are cold on Kilimanjaro. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Why might Billy wonder if the brochure was advertising only one location? A The brochure called the camp the most adventurous summer camp in the world. B The brochure said that he would need light, summer clothes and sunscreen. C The brochure said that he would need light, summer clothes and a heavy, down-filled jacket. D The brochure said that the summers are cold on Kilimanjaro. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Why might Billy wonder if the brochure was advertising only one location? A The brochure called the camp the most adventurous summer camp in the world. B The brochure said that he would need light, summer clothes and sunscreen. C The brochure said that he would need light, summer clothes and a heavy, down-filled jacket. D The brochure said that the summers are cold on Kilimanjaro. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 The layer of soil above the permafrost is too shallow for plants with deep roots to live. Grasses and shrubs can survive there because they have shallow roots. A sheet of mosses and lichens grows beneath these plants. When the soil above the permafrost thaws, the soil becomes muddy. Muddy soil is an excellent place for insects, such as mosquitoes, to lay eggs. Many birds spend the summer in the tundra to feed on these insects. Tundra animals include caribou, musk oxen, wolves, and other large mammals. Smaller animals, such as lemmings, shrews, and hares, also live in the tundra. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Based on the passage, what is one reason for the lack of trees on the tundra? A Trees need more sunlight than is available. B The roots of trees need more room than is available. C The soil above the permafrost becomes too muddy for trees. D Trees need more water than is available. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Based on the passage, what is one reason for the lack of trees on the tundra? A Trees need more sunlight than is available. B The roots of trees need more room than is available. C The soil above the permafrost becomes too muddy for trees. D Trees need more water than is available. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about permafrost is true? F It is a thawed layer of soil. G It is always moist. H It is always frozen. I It is shallow. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about permafrost is true? F It is a thawed layer of soil. G It is always moist. H It is always frozen. I It is shallow. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? A Muddy soil is an excellent place for mosses and lichens to grow. B Birds fly north to reach the tundra in the summer. C Caribou and oxen are some of the large mammals that live in the tundra. D The tundra is a beautiful biome that is home to diverse communities. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? A Muddy soil is an excellent place for mosses and lichens to grow. B Birds fly north to reach the tundra in the summer. C Caribou and oxen are some of the large mammals that live in the tundra. D The tundra is a beautiful biome that is home to diverse communities. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The map below shows the biomes of Australia. Use the map to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which letters on the map correspond to areas that are chaparral? A A and C B B and F C C and E D E and G Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Which letters on the map correspond to areas that are chaparral? A A and C B B and F C C and E D E and G Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If you lived in the area marked F, which biome would you live in? F desert G temperate grassland H temperate deciduous forest I tropical rain forest Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If you lived in the area marked F, which biome would you live in? F desert G temperate grassland H temperate deciduous forest I tropical rain forest Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If you wanted to live in a forest, which letters correspond to areas where you could live? A A, B, and D B A, C, and D C B, C, and D D C, D, and E Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If you wanted to live in a forest, which letters correspond to areas where you could live? A A, B, and D B A, C, and D C B, C, and D D C, D, and E Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Which letter corresponds to desert? F A G D H F I H Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Which letter corresponds to desert? F A G D H F I H Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Larry wants to buy a glass tabletop for his science lab at home. The glass tabletop is 1 m wide and 2 m long. How many square meters is the surface of the glass tabletop? A 2 m B 2 m 2 C 3 m 2 D 6 m 2 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Larry wants to buy a glass tabletop for his science lab at home. The glass tabletop is 1 m wide and 2 m long. How many square meters is the surface of the glass tabletop? A 2 m B 2 m 2 C 3 m 2 D 6 m 2 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. A scuba diver was exploring a coral reef. She spent 1.5 h exploring on Friday and spent twice as many hours exploring on Saturday. Which equation could be used to find n, the total number of hours that the scuba diver spent exploring on Friday and Saturday? F n = 2  1.5 G n = 1.5 + (2  1.5) H n = 1.5 + 1.5 + 2 I n = 2  1.5 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. A scuba diver was exploring a coral reef. She spent 1.5 h exploring on Friday and spent twice as many hours exploring on Saturday. Which equation could be used to find n, the total number of hours that the scuba diver spent exploring on Friday and Saturday? F n = 2  1.5 G n = 1.5 + (2  1.5) H n = 1.5 + 1.5 + 2 I n = 2  1.5 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. How do you express 5  5  5  5  2  2  2 in exponential notation? A (5  4) + (2  3) B 5 4  2 3 C 4 5  3 2 D 5 7  2 7 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. How do you express 5  5  5  5  2  2  2 in exponential notation? A (5  4) + (2  3) B 5 4  2 3 C 4 5  3 2 D 5 7  2 7 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. The tropical rain forest receives up to 400 cm of rain per year. The desert receives up to 25 cm of rain per year. Which of the following simplified fractions compares rainfall in the desert to rainfall in the rain forest? F 1/400 G 1/25 H 1/16 I 16 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. The tropical rain forest receives up to 400 cm of rain per year. The desert receives up to 25 cm of rain per year. Which of the following simplified fractions compares rainfall in the desert to rainfall in the rain forest? F 1/400 G 1/25 H 1/16 I 16 Chapter 20 Standardized Test Preparation

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Land Biomes Chapter 20

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Chapter 20