1. The Romantic Symphony  “A great symphony is a man-made Mississippi down which we irresistibly flow from the instant of our leave-taking to a long foreseen destination.” Aaron Copland Aaron Copland

2. The Form of the Symphony Movement I: Sonata-Allegro Form Movement II: ABA, or theme and variations, (SLOW) Movement III: Minuet/Trio OR Scherzo/Trio (ABA) Movement IV: Sonata-allegro OR Rondo (ABACA)

3. Sonata-Allegro Form Exposition Theme 1 – Home key Theme 2 – Different Key Closing Development Anything goes! Recapitulation Theme 1 – Home key Theme 2 – Home key Closing theme – Home key

4. Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) “It is not hard to compose, but it is wonderfully hard to let the superfluous notes fall under the title.”

5. Brahms—... as he made his way to The Red Hedgehog, his favorite tavern.

6. About Brahms Studied with Schumann (in love with Clara) In awe of Beethoven, therefore started composing late (after age 40) and with much self-criticism; very meticulous Classical tradition – to show that new things could be said in the 18 th c. traditions

7. Brahms’ Music Four Symphonies Solo piano music Chamber music Lieder Requiem

8. Brahms’ Style Not too forward-thinking Traditionalist

9. Brahms’ Symphony No. 3 Four movements Third Movement: ABA Minor key Emotional

10. Antonin Dvořák (1841-1904)

11. Dvořák (1841-1904) Bohemian Director of National Conservatory of Music (NYC) Influence of spirituals Wrote 9 symphonies, operas, choral music, keyboard music, chamber music

12. Dvořák’s... New World Symphony 1893 “Descriptive landscape, evoking the openness of the American prairie, as well as the composer’s longing for his homeland. Four movements Linked to the influence of Longfellow’s Song of Hiawatha First Movement: Third theme, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (influence of spirituals)

13. The Romantic Concerto A work containing several movements (usually 3) for a solo instrument plus orchestra Solo performer featured Form: Conforms to the standard symphony, except for the double exposition Cadenza – A solo which sounds like an improvisation... Often written out... A time for the performer to show off!

14. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) Well-to-do supportive family Worshipped Bach Pianist, conductor, organizer of festivals, educator Founded Conservatory of Leipzig

15. Mendelssohn’s Music Five Symphonies Two piano concertos Violin Concerto Concerto Overtures (A Midsummer Night’s Dream) Choral music, chamber music, piano music, organ music, vocal music

16. Mendelssohn... Preserved earlier forms Revival of Bach!!!!!!

17. Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto in E Minor 1844 Three movements played without pause First movement: Concerto form Different BECAUSE entry of violin FIRST Includes cadenza, (a time for the performer to “show off”) before the short recapitulation, an unusual place for a cadenza