1. Female Reproduction & Birth Control

2. Female Reproductive Tract External genitalia Internal reproductive organs

3. Ovarian cells stimulated

4. Overview Pituitary Hormones Ovarian cycle Ovarian hormone Uterine lining Body temp.

5. Hormones and Menstrual Cycle Ovulation and LH Surge

7. Types of Birth Controls Abstinence Hormonal methods Prevention of implantation Barrier methods

8. Oral Contraceptives

9. Oral contraceptives:  are bases on the fact that estrogen and progesterone can inhibit GnRH.

10. Types of oral contraceptives Combination of:  synthetic progestins and estrogens Minipill:  contains only progesterone-like substances

11. Disadvantages:Oral Contraceptives Controversy:  associated with BRCA Does NOT protect against STD’s mammogram

12. Norplant and Depo-Provera Norplant:  implanted beneath the skin  lasts 5 year, progesterone-like steroids Intramuscular injection  of progesterone like substance  every 3 months

13. Disadvantages of Norplant and Depro- Provera Norplant:  leads also to prolonged menstruation,  headaches and mood changes Depo-Porvera:  Menstrual irregularities,  possibly increased risk of osteoporesis and BRCA

14. RU 486: within 72 hours of intercourse Has antiprogesterone activity RU 486 is followed by prostaglandin derivative Endometrium erodes and contraction of myometrium

15. Plan B Plan B® is an emergency contraceptive that can still prevent a pregnancy after contraceptive failure or unprotected sex. Plan B® should be taken within 3 days (72 hours) of unprotected sex and can reduce the risk of pregnancy by 89%. But the sooner you take it the more effective it will be. Plan B® is not RU-486 (the abortion pill); it will not work if you are already pregnant.

16. Intrauterine device (IUD) Acts prior to fertilization Interferes with implantation

17. Condoms Advantage protects against STD’s Female condom polyurethane Latex

18. Vaginal Sponge May be inserted as much as 24 hrs before intercourse May irritate vaginal lining May fragment

19. Diaphragms and Cervical Caps

20. Sterilization Vasectomy Tubal Ligation

22. Female Reproduction And Pregnancy

24. Fertilization An egg can be fertilized for 12-24 hours after ovulation Sperm can be viable for 4-6 days Approximately 1 minute after intercourse sperm are in uterus

25. Implantation occurs at About 7 days after ovulation “dialogue” between the endomentrium and blastocyst

26. Placenta is required after a few weeks for nutrients Fetal side of placenta

27. Birth Defects can be caused by Teratogens  Alcohol  Drugs Products of smoking Poor nutrition

28. Hormonal Changes and Pregnancy Throughout pregnancy estrogen and progesterone are high Estrogen stimulates growth of uterine muscle mass Progesterone inhibits uterine movement

29. Pregnancy Sickness May have hormonal link Possible due to increases in estrogen and progesterone

30. Parturition or Delivery Cervical stretch Oxytocin Prostanglandins