1. Learning perspectives: Lecture #3 topics  start keeping a dream diary!  classical conditioning (Pavlov)  conditioned emotional responses  operant conditioning (Skinner)  schedules of reinforcement  superstitious behaviours  observational learning (Bandura)  the Bobo doll experiment (1965)

2. Learning perspectives personality:  consists of all the associations we have learned over life  emphasis on external, not internal, factors  emphasis on situational specificity

3. Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)

4. Classical conditioning

5. stage 1: unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR) → → → URUS

6. Classical conditioning stage 2: conditioned stimulus (CS) + unconditioned stimulus (US) (US) food  salivation (UR)

7. Classical conditioning stage 3: conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR) (US) food  salivation (UR) bell + food

8. Classical conditioning stage 4: present conditioned stimulus (CS) alone

9. Classical conditioning higher-order conditioning: conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR) (US) food  salivation (UR) bell + food (CS) bell  salivation (CR)

10. Classical conditioning generalization gradient:

11. Classical conditioning 1500 Hz tonetrial 6: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 5: 1500 Hz tonetrial 4: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 3: 1500 Hz tonetrial 2: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 1:

12. Classical conditioning salivationtonetrial 6: salivationtonetrial 5: salivationtonetrial 4: salivationtone + foodtrial 3: salivationtone + foodtrial 2: salivationtone + foodtrial 1:

13. Classical conditioning John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) Watson & Raynor

14. Classical conditioning emotional conditioning:  classical conditioning where the CRs are emotional reactions  preferences reflect learned associations between neutral stimuli and good/ bad feelings  e.g., business lunches & break-upsbreak-ups

15. Classical conditioning (US) ex-bf  -ve feelings (UR) “Berger” + ex-bf (CS) “Berger”  -ve feelings (CR) “Berger”

16. Classical conditioning phobias:  unrealistic fears of something, ranging from mild to severe  e.g., girl with a pickle phobiagirl with a pickle phobia  treatment includes:

17. Classical conditioning systematic desensitization:  involves counterconditioning responses that are incompatible with anxiety (e.g., deep muscle relaxation)  steps:

18. Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949)

19. Operant conditioning law of effect (Thorndike):  if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs, the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur.

20. Operant conditioning  stimulus:  response:  consequence:

21. Operant conditioning reinforcers:  strengthen the tendency to perform a response  e.g., biological needs (food, water); social needs (approval, acceptance) punishers:  aversive outcomes that reduce the tendency to perform a response

22. reinforcement:  positive reinforcement  _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., pay Johnny $5 after he cleans his room  negative reinforcement  _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., stop playing loud music so your roommate is nice to you Operant conditioning

23. punishment:  positive punishment  _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., spank Johnny for talking back to you  negative punishment  _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., time-outs

24. Operant conditioning

25. schedules of reinforcement:  continuous schedules  every response is reinforced  partial schedules  responses are reinforced only some of the time Operant conditioning

26. ratio schedules:  a certain # of responses must occur before reinforcement is delivered  fixed ratio:  variable ratio:

27. Operant conditioning interval schedules:  reinforcement depends on how much TIME has passed since last reinforcement  fixed interval:  variable interval:

28. Operant conditioning discrimination:  occurs when there is differential responding to different stimuli  discriminative stimulus:  accounts for situational specificity of behaviour

29. Operant conditioning

30. superstitious behaviour:  develops because of an accidental relationship between a response and reinforcement  e.g., wearing a red shirt to your exams for “luck”

31. Observational learning Albert Bandura (1925 – )

32. Observational learning observational learning:  occurs when 1 person performs an act, and another person observes and acquires the ability to repeat the act

33. Observational learning variables influencing observational learning:  attention for encoding

34. Observational learning  retention  production

35. Observational learning  performance

36. acquisition vs. performance:  Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1965)  measured acquisition & spontaneous performance Observational learning

37. Bandura (1965):