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Chapter 7: Human Memory
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Human Memory: Basic Questions
How does information get ____ memory? How is information ________ in memory? How is information ___________ of memory?
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Figure 7.2 Three key processes in memory
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Encoding: Getting Information Into Memory
The role of ________ Focusing ________ ________ attention
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Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
The role of attention Levels of _____________ Incoming information processed at different levels ________ processing = longer lasting memory codes Encoding levels: ________ = shallow _________ = intermediate _________ = deep
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Figure 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory
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Enriching Encoding __________ = linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding Thinking of __________ ______________ = creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered Easier for concrete objects: ____________ theory
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Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory
Analogy: information storage in _________ ~ information storage in human _______ Information-processing theories Subdivide memory into three different ______ Sensory, Short-term, Long-term
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Figure 7.6 The Atkinson and Schiffrin model of memory storage
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Brief preservation of information in ________ sensory form
Sensory Memory Brief preservation of information in ________ sensory form ___________ – approximately ___ second
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Short Term Memory (STM)
Limited duration – about ___ seconds without rehearsal _________ – the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information Limited capacity – magical number __________________ _______ – grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit
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Short-Term Memory as “Working Memory”
STM not limited to phonemic encoding Loss of information not only due to ______ Baddeley (1986) – 3 components of working memory __________ rehearsal loop ___________ sketchpad _________ control system
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Figure 7.7 Short-term memory as working memory
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How is knowledge represented and organized in memory?
Long-Term Memory __________ Capacity Permanent storage? __________ memories How is knowledge represented and organized in memory? _______ and Scripts _________ Networks Connectionist Networks and PDP Models
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Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
The _____________ phenomenon – a failure in retrieval Retrieval ____ Reinstating the context Context cues Reconstructing memories ____________ effect Source monitoring
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Forgetting: When Memory Lapses
___________ Forgetting Curve _______ – the proportion of material retained Recall Recognition Relearning
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Figure 7.10 Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve for nonsense syllables
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Ineffective Encoding ________ ___________ Retrieval ______
Why We Forget Ineffective Encoding ________ ___________ Proactive Retroactive Retrieval ______ _____________ Authenticity of repressed memories? Memory illusions Controversy
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Figure 7.11 Effects of interference
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Figure 7.12 Retroactive and proactive interference
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Encoding ____________ Transfer-Appropriate Processing Repression
Retrieval Failure Encoding ____________ Transfer-Appropriate Processing Repression Authenticity of repressed memories? Memory ________ Controversy
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Figure 7.14 The prevalence of false memories observed by Roediger and McDermott (1995)
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The Physiology of Memory
________ Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia __________ Medial temporal lobe memory system ______circuitry Localized neural circuits Biochemistry ________ modulating neurotransmitter systems Protein synthesis
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Figure 7.16 The anatomy of memory
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Systems and Types of Memory
Declarative vs. ___________ _________ vs. Episodic Prospective vs. _____________
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Figure 7.17 Theories of independent memory systems
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Figure 7.18 Retrospective versus prospective memory
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