1. From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance! Middle Ages (400’s - 1400’s) Renaissance (1300’s-1600’s) What are some changes that occurred from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance?

2. The Renaissance: Why Italy? Italy’s advantages Urban Centers – City States Merchants and Bankers Classical Heritage World geographical location

3. Geography Italy is located at the intersection of the middle east and western Europe Sea access provides easier movement of good and ideas

4. Urban Centers – Italian City States Crusades spur trade Development of Rome, Florence, and Venice as intellectual and cultural centers along trade routes In 1300’s Bubonic plague had killed 60% of population, disrupting the economy Florence was the first city to thrive during the Renaissance

5. Merchants and Bankers A wealthy merchant class develops More emphasis on individual achievement The Medicis- a large banking family, provides patronage for many Renaissance artists and developed a close relationship with the Pope Godfathers of the Renaissance

6. Renaissance Values Humanism Classicism Secularism

7. Classical Heritage Artists and scholars study ruins of Rome and Latin, Greek manuscripts Greco-Roman manuscripts preserved in monasteries Scholars move to Rome after the fall of Constantinople to Mehmet in 1453.

8. Secularism Focus on the enjoyment of the worldly pleasures in life rather than a focus on religion and the after- life

9. Classics lead to Humanism Humanism – intellectual movement focused on human achievements Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature and philosophy

10. How is the Italian Renaissance an example of Cultural Diffusion. Refer to previous slides and write down as many reasons as you can

11. Patrons of the Arts Patron—a financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics, combat Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528) The book teaches how to become a “universal” person Who are modern Renaissance ‘people’? Today do we value the specialist or the generalist?

12. Important Renaissance People Michelangelo - St Peter’s Basilica, Sistine Chapel, David Leonardo Da Vinci - The Renaissance Man Raphael - Artist Petrarch - poet Boccacio - writer Castiglione - “The Courtier Machiavelli - “The Prince” Pope Julius II - “The Warrior Pope”, Patron of Arts

13. The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Isabella d’Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua

14. Artistic Styles Change Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Painters use perspective—a way to show three dimensions on a canvas Realistic Painting and Sculpture Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art The Virgin of the Chancellor Rolin (about 1434), Jan van Eyck.

15. Middle Ages Icons

16. Categories of Renaissance Art Architecture Painting Sculpture Textiles (tapestries) Manuscript illumination Gardens

17. Filippo Brunelleschi, dome of Florence Cathedral (1420-36)

18. Leonardo, Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci—painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Paints one of the best-known portraits in the world: the Mona Lisa Famous religious painting: The Last Supper Raphael Advances Realism Raphael Sanzio, famous for his use of perspective Favorite subject: the Madonna and child Famous painting: School of Athens

19. Raphael

20. Pope Julius II

21. Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Virtual Tour 3m

22. Da Vinci

23. Renaissance Writers Change Literature New Trends in Writing Writers use the vernacular—their native language Self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject Petrarch and Boccaccio Francesco Petrarch, humanist and poet; woman named Laura is his muse Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a series of stories

24. Boccaccio

25. Machievelli Advises Rulers Niccolò Machievelli, author of political guidebook, The Prince The Prince examines how rulers can gain and keep power Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when necessary