1. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13 HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY

2. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 INTRODUCTION Biogeography and distribution patterns Early Earth conditions Life in the oceans and then on land Reconstruction of past floras The development of Australian vegetation The role of humans Modern human impacts

3. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 EARLY EARTH ENVIRONMENTS The early atmosphere Impact of photosynthesis The possible role of ozone and early life on land CO 2 changes The flowering plants Plate tectonics and biogeographic regions

4. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST FLORAS Fossil wood, leaves and fruits Fossil pollen grains Dating of vegetation sequences

5. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 TERTIARY VEGETATION IN AUSTRALIA Continental movement and climate Climate change and aridification Sea level changes Rainforest losses –Gymnosperms to angiosperms Sclerophyll and xerophyll

6. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 QUATERNARY Glacials and interglacials Sea levels and aridity Human arrivals Extinctions of fauna –Prehistoric –Historic Introductions of new species

7. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 MODERN HUMAN IMPACTS ON AUSTRALIA Clearing for agriculture –Habitat destruction is selective –Major cause of modern extinctions Endangered species Weed invasions Salinisation and nutrient impacts