1. Chapter 6 CLIMATE, TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY, & AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

2. 1.What is the difference between weather and climate? 2.What determines the temperature of a location on Earth? 3.What causes the seasons? Warm-Up

3. 5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

4. 1. Uneven Heating of the Earth

6. 5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

7. 2. Seasons

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taHTA7 S_JGk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taHTA7 S_JGk

9. 5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

10. 3. Rotation of Earth

12. 5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

13. 4. Variations in solar output

14. Sun Spots

15. 4. Variations in solar output http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/rea ltime/gif/ http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/rea ltime/gif/

16. 5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

19. 5. Properties of air and land

20. Valley (in-land) cities

21. 5. Properties of air and land Coastal cities

22. 5 factors that determine global air circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of Earth 2. Seasons 3. Earth’s rotation 4. Variation of sun’s output 5. Properties of air and water

23. Vine Day Saturday, December 13 from 9 AM – 12 PM at George Lorimer Preserve Cutting invasive vines to save many mature trees Bring protective clothing, gloves and, if you have them, tools such as loppers, pruners and hand saws

24. Warm-Up 1. What is El Nino? 2. What is the greenhouse effect? Is it good or bad? 3. What is the ozone layer? How have humans affected it?

26. How do ocean currents affect regional climates?

27. Ocean Currents

29. In which direction is the warm water flowing? How does that affect the climate?

30. Ocean Upwellings

31. Ocean Upwelling

32. El Niño – a disruption of the ocean/atmosphere system in the Pacific Ocean Has important consequences for weather and climate around the globe El Niño

33. Normal Conditions Wind blows from east to west (right to left) –Creates an upwelling along the western coast of South America –Pushes water to western Pacific –Causes LOTS of rain (monsoons & snow in Himalaya Mountains)

34. The Normal Pacific

35. Normal Conditions

36. Normal Conditions vs. El Niño

37. Normalconditions El Nino conditions

40. El Niño http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/W orldOfChange/enso.php http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/W orldOfChange/enso.php

41. How does the chemical make-up of the atmosphere lead to the greenhouse effect?

42. What are greenhouse gases? Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, which warms the air Examples: –CO 2 –H2O–H2O–H2O–H2O –CH 4 –NO 2 –CFCs

43. Are greenhouse gases GOOD or BAD? THEY’RE BOTH GOOD - without greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too cold for life BAD - too many greenhouse gases may lead to global warming

44. Where do greenhouse gases come from? ALL OF US!!! Burning fossil fuels releases: –CO 2 –H2O–H2O–H2O–H2O –NO 2 Cows release methane (CH 4 ) Various refrigerants use CFCs

45. Ozone Depletion Is this what the hole in the ozone layer looks like? NO!

48. Ozone Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMo gIdr8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMo gIdr8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKHcH mg4WKY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKHcH mg4WKY

49. Rain Shadow Effect

51. Molokai, Hawaii wind

52. What’s the difference between a climate and a biome? Climate: physical properties (temperature and precipitation) of an area over a long period of time Biome: areas on Earth that are inhabited by certain types of organisms

58. Desert Biomes

59. Characteristics typically < 25 cm (10 in) annual precipitation cover 30% of the world’s land surface especially found at 30° N and 30° S latitude largest deserts on interiors of continents © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

60. 30º N 30º S

61. Deserts

62. Desert Biomes Desert Organisms sparse, widely spaced, mostly low vegetation plants typically deep–rooted shrubs with small leaves, succulents, or short–lived species that flourish after rain animals typically nocturnal & have physical adaptations for conserving water & dealing with heat.

63. Grassland Biomes Figs. 6–14 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

65. Grassland Biomes Characteristics sufficient rainfall to support grass, but too dry for forests mostly found on interiors of continents maintained by seasonal drought, grazing, & periodic fires that prevent shrubs & trees invasion © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

66. Grassland Biomes Characteristics – –plants include high diversity of grasses & herbaceous plants; typically have resistance to drought, grazing, & fire – –animals include large & small herbivores, along with predators adapted to feed on these herbivores

67. Forest Biomes Fig. 6–17 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

69. Forest Biomes Characteristics: sufficient rainfall to support trees types: -Tropical – typically broadleaf evergreen trees with high diversity -Temperate – typically deciduous broadleaf tree with moderate diversity -Boreal – typically conifers with low diversity © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

70. Forest Biomes Characteristics: various layers: -Emergent – tree tops that break through the canopy -Canopy – “roof” of forest of full grown trees. -Understory – dark and composed of tree saplings -Forest Floor – dark, not crowded

72. Precipitation TemperatureWetModerateDry Hot Temperate Cold

73. Precipitation TemperatureWetModerateDry Hot Tropical Forest Tropical Grassland Tropical Desert Temperate Temperate Forest Temperate Grassland Temperate Desert Cold Polar Forest Polar Grassland Polar Desert

74. Mountain Biomes Characteristics – –diversity of habitat because of diverse topography – –make up 20% of Earth's surface – –each 100 m (~300 ft) gain in elevation is about equal to 100 km (~62 mi) change in latitude – –mountain regions contain majority of world's forests – –timberline: elevation above which trees do not grow – –gradually release melting ice, snow, and water to streams

76. Important Biome Concepts everything is connected incoming solar radiation determines global temperature & precipitation patterns temperature & precipitation are major determinants of distribution of organisms