1. OwlTeacher.com Chapter 1 Human Beginnings Pre-History – 1000 B.C.

2. OwlTeacher.com Dating Early Artifacts How have recent archaeological finds contributed to our understanding of human origins?

3. OwlTeacher.com Prehistoric Finds in Africa In 1992, Gen Suwa, a paleontologist from Japan discovers, in East Africa, ________ _________________________________. Over the next two years, additional remains were uncovered, like arm bones and parts of the skull and jaw that belonged to _______________________. Just 45 miles away, In 1974, Donald C. Johanson and Tom Gray uncovered a 3.2 million-year-old skeleton they named Lucy.

4. OwlTeacher.com Human Origins Scientists do not all agree about the story of human beginnings. One generally accepted theory is that __________________________________ _________________________________. These hominids are known as Australopithecus.

5. OwlTeacher.com Australopithecus spent their lives in the humid forests of eastern and southern Africa. _________________________________. They were probably nomads, never staying in one place for long

6. OwlTeacher.com Homo is a Latin word used by scientists which means “_____________”. They use this word to name later humans as well.

7. OwlTeacher.com Scientists divide Homo into 3 categories of species: Homo habilus - “__________________”  lived until about _____ million years ago Homo erectus - “___________________ ___________________”  lived after the previous group of humans Homo sapiens - “__________________”  lived _______ to about ___________ years ago  __________________ ___________________

8. OwlTeacher.com The Ice Ages _________________________ played an important role in the development of early humankind. Earth experienced four long periods of cold climate between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, known as ________________. The level of the oceans dropped more than 300 ft. as _____________________.

9. OwlTeacher.com As a result of this, some areas that are now separated by water, were connected by a land bridge: 1.___________________________________ 2.___________________________________ 3.Malay Peninsula through the Indonesian islands almost all the way to Australia 4.___________________________________.

10. OwlTeacher.com How did early humans react to the environmental changes of the Ice Ages? In Different Ways: 1.Some people simply moved to warmer places (usually the middle latitudes where it was warm enough to live) 2.________________________________ ________________________________. 3.Those who could not adapt died from starvation and exposure to the extremes.

11. OwlTeacher.com Human Culture Culture includes: 1.the knowledge a group of people have 2.________________________ 3.________________________ ________________________ 4.________________________ 5.their achievements in art and music.

12. OwlTeacher.com Toolmaking – the use of tools was one of the earliest aspects of culture that people formed. The Stone Age – name used to identify the period before writing became established. __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________|.

13. OwlTeacher.com The Stone Age is divided into 3 shorter periods: Paleolithic or ___________________ _____________________ Began about 2 million years ago & until about 12,000 B.C. First toolmaking was by the Homo habilis Mesolithic or ___________________ Usually dated from about 12,000 B.C. to about 8,000 B.C.

14. OwlTeacher.com Neolithic or ___________________ Lasted from about 8,000 B.C. to 5,000 B.C.

15. OwlTeacher.com Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers Homo Habilis – lived during first quarter of Paleolithic period. –____________________________________ –Lived in Africa from about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago –Lived alongside the Australopithecus

16. OwlTeacher.com Homo Erectus – Lived during last part of Paleolithic period. There is much more information about this group of early humans –First appeared in Africa & lived from 1.6 million to about 250,00 years ago. –____________________________________

17. OwlTeacher.com Migrations –Not enough is known about the migrating habits of Homo habilis people. –Scientists do know that Homo erectus people migrated from their Native Africa to Europe and Asia. –Skeletal remains prove that they lived in ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________.

18. OwlTeacher.com Language –Instead of just making sounds and signals to show emotion and direction, Homo erectus may have been talking to each other about 500,000 years ago. –____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________.

19. OwlTeacher.com What benefits did language offer to humanity?  Made it possible for people to work together (organize duties, give directions)  __________________________________ __________________________________  Provided a way for people to socialize and entertain each other (storytelling)  Most important of all, it allowed people to __________________________________ __________________________________

20. OwlTeacher.com Homo Sapiens Evidence of early Homo sapiens goes back as far as 200,000 years ago. Neanderthals - _____________________ __________________________________ Neanderthals stood about 5.5 feet tall, their brains were slightly larger than modern humans, and their bodies were stocky.

21. OwlTeacher.com Technological skills of Neanderthals: ___________________________ Skillfully constructed stone knives, spear points, and bone tools Crafted hide-cleaning and food- preparing tools

22. OwlTeacher.com How did they live? Most lived in small groups of 35 to 50 people __________________________________ Lived in ________ or overhangs from cliffs Wore heavy clothing made from animal skins to stay warm and protected

23. OwlTeacher.com Their culture and beliefs: Neanderthals cared for their sick and elderly May have been the first people to practice medicine ___________________________

24. OwlTeacher.com Homo sapiens sapiens __________________________________ More advanced than Homo sapiens Within 20,000 years ago, this modern group had migrated to almost every continent of the world As these people moved out of Africa, they intermarried with Neanderthals

25. OwlTeacher.com The Cro-Magnons Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Their remains were first found in France around 1860 Cro-Magnons were taller and less stocky than Neanderthals Improved technology development __________________________________

26. OwlTeacher.com Technology of Cro-Magnons __________________________________ Created fishing devices and needles for sewing Invented the stone ax in order to cut down trees and make canoes Invented the spear-thrower and the bow and arrow __________________________________

27. OwlTeacher.com Social Life of Cro-Magnons Lived in bands, with many different bands spread throughout __________________________________ Rules were developed for people to get along and for work to get done Leaders were named and placed in charge of enforcing rules __________________________________

28. OwlTeacher.com Cave Paintings of Cro-Magnons __________________________________ No one knows for sure why they painted on cave walls –____________________________________ –May have been reaching out to spiritual world –Maybe to relieve boredom & monotony *Clay sculptures have also been found as well as figures of ivory and bone

29. OwlTeacher.com Neolithic Revolution During the Neolithic period and immediately after, humanity made a giant leap in culture –____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ –In a period of 5,000 years, people gradually moved from hunting & gathering to producing food

30. OwlTeacher.com New agricultural methods came about This led to massive changes in the way people lived! That’s why we call this time in history the ___________________________________.

31. OwlTeacher.com This revolution took place slowly Took place at different times in different parts of the world The crops that Neolithic people developed varied from place to place Farming made life easier for people –____________________________________

32. OwlTeacher.com Farming also allowed people to ______________________ _____________________ Crude houses were constructed with mud bricks Several related families usually lived in one house

33. OwlTeacher.com Technological Advances  Neolithic farmers invented the ______ and trained oxen to pull it.  Neolithic villagers invented the loom and began to __________________________  They learned how to make jewelry and better weapons  People created calendars to measure the seasons & determine when to plant crops

34. OwlTeacher.com  People began caring about boundary lines and rules of inheritance because their food supply depended on land ownership.  As villages began competing for land and water, __________ was created.  Neolithic people believed in deities or _____________________________

35. OwlTeacher.com Emergence of Civilization  Civilization – ______________________  Some villages evolved into cities  Cities sprang up at different times in different places  __________________________________ __________________________________

36. OwlTeacher.com Early River Valley civilizations  People’s labor was specialized with different men and women doing different jobs  The civilizations depended on advanced _______________________________  Each civilization had some form of government to make and carry out rules and procedures

37. OwlTeacher.com The Economy of a Civilization First Irrigation systems – ______________ __________________________________ Specialization of labor – artisans became increasingly productive and creative Long distance trade – farmers and artisans began trading outside of their communities and eventually covered longer distances

38. OwlTeacher.com Living Together in Cities Civilizations slowly grew more prosperous and more complex Populations steadily grew also. Early cities had between 5,000 to 30,000 residents! Of course, a population like this could not operate the same way that a village of 200 had operated.

39. OwlTeacher.com Therefore, A group of government officials was created to oversee the collection, storage, and distribution of farming surpluses. These officials also organized and directed labor forces needed for large-scale construction projects. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

40. OwlTeacher.com __________________________________ made up what is known as a ruling class. This ruling class was usually led by a king (_____________________________) The first kings ever were probably elected, but over time they inherited their positions.

41. OwlTeacher.com The Invention of Writing Priests began using marks and pictures, called pictograms, to represent products. Eventually they used the marks and pictures to represent abstract ideas and even later, to represent sounds. Priests kept records of individual men and women who were ___________________, ______________, and _______________.

42. OwlTeacher.com After a time, priests also recorded things like the king’s battle victories, legal codes, medical texts, and observations of the stars. Priests also recorded _______ (traditional stories explaining how the world was formed, how people came into being, and what they owed their creator).

43. OwlTeacher.com __________________________________ _________________________________. Because these ideas, beliefs, or myths vary from place to place, historians usually examine them for clues to a people’s customs and values.