1. Descriptive Mineralogy
Native Elements:
Pure elements that occur as minerals

2. Classification of the Minerals
Non-Silicates
Native Elements
Halides
Sulfides
Oxides
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Sulfates
Phosphates
Silicates
Orthosilicates
Sorosilicates
Cyclosilicates
Chain Silicates
Layer Silicates
Tektosilicates

3. Native Elements

4. Native Elements: Metals
Fe, Co, Ni: Meteorites
Platinum Group: (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt): Mafic Igneous Rocks
Coinage metals: Cu, Ag, Au
Cu, Ag: Supergene Enrichments (Sulfide Oxidation)
Au: Low Temperature Hydrothermal, Placer

5. Native Iron: Meteorites

6. Native Iron: Meteorites Widmanstätten Pattern

7. Iron-Nickel Phase Diagram

8. Platinum Group Metals Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt
Strongly siderophile elements
Enriched in Fe meteorites
Found in layered mafic intrusions
Bushvelt Complex (South Africa)
Stillwater Complex (Montana)
Skaergaard Complex (Greenland)

11. Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

12. Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

13. Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

14. Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

15. Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

16. Native Elements: Cu, Ag, Au
Cu and Ag: Supergene Enrichment
Oxidation of Cu, Ag sulfides in unsaturated zone
Precipitation of metal, oxides and carbonates at water table
Ag and Au: hydrothermal
Native metals and tellurides
Au: placer
oxidized hydrothermal

17. Supergene Copper

18. Hydrothermal Silver

19. Hydrothermal Gold

20. Hydrothermal Gold

21. Native Elements: non metals
Carbon:
Graphite: Metamorphic Rocks
Diamond: Kimberlites
Sulfur (+Se):
Salt Domes (Sulfate reduction),
Volcanos (H2S oxidation)
Tellurium (Te) Telluride oxidation

22. Native Elements: Carbon
Graphite (Low Pressure)
Metamorphosed Organic-rich sediments
Diamond (High Pressure >100km)
Kimberlites
Placers from kimberlites

24. Native Elements: Diamond

25. Native Elements: Diamond

27. Kimberley Mine 1875

28. Native Elements: Sulfur
Fumaroles (Volcanic hydrothermal vents)
Oxidation of H2S
Salt dome cap rocks
Sulfate reduction by petroleum

29. Fumarole Sulfur: Nysseros

30. In the caps of salt domes, gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) is reduced to native sulfur

31. Native Elements